Reflections on Governance and Community during Uncertain Times

The article discusses various decrees and ordinances issued by the Chief Magistrate of Monterey, Walter Colton, in 1846. These include regulations on reporting arrivals and departures, prohibition of gambling with fines imposed, and measures to prevent the sale of stolen property. Additionally, there is a note of thanks from the Y. M. of L. H. Club to William H. Davis for his contributions, as well as an advertisement for the sale or barter of merchandise by Talbot H. Green.

The original article from the "MAGISTRATE'S OFFICE, Monterey" provides a unique window into the atmosphere and administrative practices of the region during a transformative period in California's history, specifically in November and December of 1846. As the American Annexation of California was underway, local governance and military authority were grappling with issues of law and order, as well as integration into a new national context.

The first segment of the article, dated November 4th, 1846, reflects the precariousness of the situation in Monterey, which had recently been captured by American forces during the Mexican-American War. Walter Colton, acting as Chief Magistrate, issues an order requiring all arrivals and departures to be reported to the Military Commandant: "In the present crisis of affairs it is requisite that the arrival and departure of persons should be known at the office of the Military Commandant." This highlights the importance of military oversight in a newly acquired territory, as the government had to ensure security and monitor potentially disruptive activities amidst a backdrop of civil unrest and the fallout from military actions.

The decrees that follow on December 5th, 1846, deal with gambling, reflecting not only the social issues prevalent in frontier towns but also the attempts of local authorities to enforce order in a chaotic environment. Colton states that "the laws of the United States prohibit, under severe pains and penalties all gambling," indicating an effort to align local law enforcement with federal statutes, while also addressing societal problems exacerbated by the instability of the times. The fines imposed—$20 for individuals and $100 for property owners—suggest a determination to bring discipline to the populace, which likely included a mix of American settlers, former Mexican citizens, and indigenous peoples.

Additionally, Colton’s ordinance against the sale of stolen property underscores a struggle to establish lawful practices in a region with contested ownership and a recent influx of diverse populations. He notes that "any person who shall purchase a bullock, or a horse, without the legal sale mark... shall forfeit the animal," indicating a proactive attempt to combat theft and ensure legitimate commerce. The challenge of integrating a new system of justice was compounded by the need to build trust with a population accustomed to different legal frameworks and authorities.

The context of these declarations reflects a broader historical moment in which California transitioned from Mexican to American governance, with local leaders navigating the complexities of this transition. Colton's ordinances aimed to restore social order while encouraging compliance with emerging American laws, thereby facilitating the integration of Monterey into the evolving socio-political landscape of the United States.

In summary, this original article from the Magistrate's Office in Monterey serves not only as a legal record but also as a reflection of the larger historical dynamics at play during a crucial period of transformation in California. The orders issued by Colton illustrate the balancing act of establishing authority, refining legal practices, and managing a diverse population during a time of great uncertainty and change.

Reflections on Governance and Community during Uncertain Times: Insights from *The Californian* (1846-1848)

The years 1846 to 1848 were pivotal in California's history, marked by rapid political and social transformation against the backdrop of the Mexican-American War and the Gold Rush. As we delve into various articles published in *The Californian*, we uncover not only reflections from the past but also insights that resonate powerfully with today's world. A notable entry from November and December 1846, penned by Walter Colton, the Chief Magistrate of Monterey, discusses pressing issues of governance, community responsibility, and law enforcement during a time of crisis, drawing intriguing parallels to our contemporary challenges.

Contextual Overview: California's Shift in Authority

To fully appreciate Colton's proclamations, we must place them within the broader context of California’s tumultuous history and the immediate challenges posed by the shifting political climate. Following the United States' victory in the Mexican-American War, California was annexed and officially became a territory in 1846. This transition created a power vacuum that complicated daily life, necessitating efficient governance amid widespread social upheaval and uncertainty.

In this chaotic landscape, Colton, a former naval officer, emerged not only as an administrator but also as a community leader. His proclamations addressed the repercussions of war and change for the residents of Monterey, symbolizing the broader implications of America's endeavor to establish democratic governance within a diverse population. By enforcing strict regulations, he aimed to restore order and stability while reflecting the emerging American legal system.

Proclamation of Arrival and Departure: Managing Insecurity

One of Colton's key declarations, dated November 4, 1846, addressed the "present crisis of affairs," mandating that all individuals arriving in Monterey report to the office of the Military Commandant for registration. Those desiring to depart were required to obtain a passport.

 "In the present crisis of affairs it is requisite that the arrival and departure of persons should be known at the office of the Military Commandant."

This decree serves not only as a mechanism of control over the movement of people but also highlights the prevalent sense of insecurity and distrust within the community, particularly in the aftermath of military conflict. The mandate underscores Monterey's transitional nature as a strategic military outpost—a vital gateway to new territories and an emerging economy. Thus, establishing clear lines of communication and control became crucial for both safety and administration. This echoes modern discussions surrounding immigration and national security, raising enduring questions about how societies might balance the welcoming of newcomers with the imperative to safeguard existing communities.

Anti-Gambling Measures: Prohibiting Vices within the Community

Shortly thereafter, on December 5, 1846, Colton issued another notable ordinance concerning gambling, a practice he described as bringing "great misery and distress" to the community. He declared:

 "That any money staked at hazard, may be seized wherever found, and converted to the municipal fund."

These gambling laws reflected socio-economic concerns as well as a moral duty to protect vulnerable members of the community. Through imposing fines on both gamblers and premises owners, Colton emphasized a shared responsibility that extended beyond individual actions to encompass the collective well-being of Monterey's citizens.

This notion is remarkably relevant today. Public health campaigns emphasize communal roles in addressing addiction—whether relating to gambling, drugs, or alcohol—reiterating the need for a balance between personal liberty and societal welfare. Colton’s actions resonate with ongoing dialogues regarding the ethical responsibilities of governance.

Protecting Property Rights: The Ordinance Against Stolen Goods

Colton's commitment to maintaining the rule of law was further exemplified in his proclamation against the sale of stolen property, reiterated on December 5, 1846. The ordinance stated:

"Any person who shall purchase a bullock, or a horse, without the legal sale mark on the animal... shall forfeit the animal so purchased or its value."

This ordinance emphasized the essential protection of property rights—a cornerstone of American law. In a rapidly evolving society marked by an influx of settlers and burgeoning economic activity, maintaining clear boundaries around ownership and trade was crucial.

Moreover, these measures reflect deeper societal values that prioritize honesty and integrity in business practices. They illustrate a community grappling with the complexities of social structure changes, paralleling contemporary discussions about theft, property rights, and ethical standards in commerce.

Economic Dimensions: Commerce and Community Relations

Colton’s communications also provide insight into the economic dynamics of the time. Advertisements for goods and services reveal a developing economy interconnected with social interaction. A notice from a local club expressing gratitude to a benefactor for gifts underscores the vibrancy of social life intertwined with commerce.

This duality of economic development and community bonding mirrors broader economic models, highlighting the importance of local relationships in fostering thriving societies. As businesses flourished amidst social change, the values of mutual support and gratitude became integral to community culture—concepts that resonate strongly today as we champion localism against a backdrop of globalization.

Legal System and Community Governance: A Symbiotic Relationship

Colton’s writings articulate the evolving interplay between legal structures and community governance. As a magistrate, he grappled with the challenge of establishing a legal framework that resonated with the diverse values of the populace while addressing the immediate realities of war and social transformation.

His proclamations called for a blend of personal and collective responsibility, reflecting changing societal norms. The significance he placed on citizen engagement—be it through reporting gambling practices or participating in community events—illustrates an early model of democratic participation. This aligns seamlessly with the ideals of self-governance and civic duty that continue to underpin American society today.

Conclusion: Lessons from the Past

By examining the ethos encapsulated in Walter Colton’s proclamations within *The Californian*, we uncover valuable lessons regarding governance, community, and social order. This historical lens not only sheds light on how leaders and citizens confronted the uncertainties of their time but also prompts relevant questions for our contemporary society.

As we navigate issues ranging from immigration and gambling reform to property rights and communal identities, the governance lessons from 1846 Monterey provide a vital framework for understanding our modern challenges. The legacy of leaders like Walter Colton reminds us that the evolution of society is shaped by both citizen action and leadership decisions, underscoring the importance of mutual responsibility and community-building.

In our pursuit of progress, let us regard the past as more than a series of events; it serves as a narrative that informs, shapes, and guides our actions today. From the shores of Monterey to our modern landscapes, the imperative to foster relationships, uphold the law, and build resilient communities grounded in respect and responsibility remains as relevant as ever. Together, we can navigate the complexities of our world, forging a path of engagement and stewardship that honors both our history and our shared future.

Key Phrases:

1. *Mexican-American War* - For further reading on its causes and effects, see this overview from the [History.com](https://www.history.com/topics/westward-expansion/mexican-american-war) website.
2. *Gold Rush of 1849* - To understand its impact on California's demographics and economy, refer to this article from [California State Library](https://www.library.ca.gov/california-history/gold-rush/).
3. *Governance during crisis* - For insights on governance challenges in periods of uncertainty, check this research on [Crisis Governance from the OECD](https://www.oecd.org/gov/crisis-governance.htm).
4. *Community responsibility and social order* - Explore the evolving concept of community policing and social responsibilities through this article on [Community Policing from the U.S. Department of Justice](https://cops.usdoj.gov/RIC/Publications/cops-p157-pub.pdf).
5. *Property rights in American law* - To dive deeper into the importance of property rights, visit this publication from the [American Bar Association](https://www.americanbar.org/groups/real_property_trust_estate/resources/estate_planning/property_rights/).
6. *Anti-gambling measures and public health* - For more on how gambling laws intersect with public health, see this report from the [National Institute on Drug Abuse](https://nida.nih.gov/publications/drugfacts/gambling-disorder).
7. *Democratic participation in governance* - To learn more about the evolution of civic engagement and its significance, visit this site on [Civic Participation from the National Civic League](https://www.ncl.org/).
8. *Economic impacts of local commerce* - Understand the role of local economies in community development through this research published by the [Economic Policy Institute](https://www.epi.org/publication/understanding-and-improving-local-economies/).

**Citation**: The Californian

- MAGISTRATE'S OFFICE, Monterey, Nov. 4th., 1847-01-02
https://cdnc.ucr.edu/ University of California Riverside Digital Newspaper Archive

Original Article:

 In the present crisis of affairs it is requisite that the arrival and departure of persons should be known at the office of the Military Commandant. All persons, therefore, arriving in Monterey will report themselves at his quarters, and all persons desirous of leaving must call there for passports. ▫︎ 13 tf ▫︎ WALTER COLTON, Chief Magistrate. OFICINA DE MAGISTRADO'S, Monterey, Nov. 4th, 1846. } Es requierido en el presente crisis de negocios, que a la llegada, y salida, de toda persona, sea dado a saber al Comandante Militar de esta punto, por lo consiguente, toda persona al llegar a Monterey, se presentara al cuartel general y todo persona que tenga que salir ocurriran a dicho cuartel para su pasaporte. WALTER COLTON ▫︎ 13 tf ▫︎ Primero Magistrado. —————— MAGISTRATE'S OFFICE, Monterey, Dec. 5th, 1846.} Whereas, the laws of the United States prohibit, under severe pains and penalties all gambling, and whereas great misery and distress are occasioned by this vicious practice. The chief magistrate and counsel of the jurisdiction of Monterey, decree:— That any money staked at hazard, may be seized where ever found, and converted to the municipal fund. Any person found gambling shall pay for the first offence a fine of twenty dollars, and the occupant of the premises in which the gambling takes place shall pay a fine of one hundred dollars, and be held security for the payment of the other fines imposed. For the second offence fine and imprisonment at the discretion of this court. Any person who shall give information to this court which may lead to the detection and conviction of persons engaged in gambling shall be entitled to one half of the fines imposed by this ordinance. ▫︎ 17tf ▫︎ WALTER COLTON, Chief Magistrate. —————— JUZGADO DE PAZ, Monterey 5 de Dec. de 1846. } ORDENANZA PARA EVITAR LA VENTA DE PROPIEDAD ROBADO.—Cualquere persona que compra una rez ó un caballo, sin que tengala venta legal, ó un certificado de venta concedido por el dueño del hierro que el animal lleva sera espuesto a la confiscacion del animal asi comprado, ó de su valor, como tambien de sufrir una multa que no excederá la suma de veinto pesos a discrecion del Pimero Magistrado de esta jurisdiccion. ▫︎ 17tf ▫︎ WALTER COLTON, Primera Magistrado —————— MAGISTRATE'S OFFICE, Monterey, Dec. 5th, 1846. } AN ORDINANCE TO PREVENT THE SALE OF STOLEN PROPERTY.—Any person who shall purchase a bullock, or a horse, without the legal sale mark on the animal, or a certificate of sale from the person whose brand the animal bears, shall forfeit the animal so purchased or its value, and be liable to a fine not exceeding twenty dollars, at the discretion of the Chief Magistrate of this jurisdiction. WALTER COLTON, ▫︎ 17tf ▫︎ Chief Magistrate. —————— ☞ A CARD. The Y. M. of L. H. Club of Monterey, take this opportunity to express their sincere thanks to WILLIAM H. DAVIS, ESQ., for the valuable presents made by him to the Society. We'll fill our goblets high to night, And pledge to him right cheerily; Whose warm fraternal spirit sent, The boon we prize so dearly. ▫︎ 20-3t —————— FOR SALE OR BARTER. A General assortment of Merchandise, also a large lot of Brown Mantas, for sale low for cash, or hides. ▫︎ 3 tf ▫︎ TALBOT H. GREEN.

The Struggle with Intoxicants in Mid-19th Century California

 

The Struggle with Intoxicants in Mid-19th Century California: Insights from The Californian

The article discusses the issue of alcohol abuse and the various methods that have been tried to address it, including "moral suasion" and legislative measures. The writer questions the effectiveness of current approaches in Monterey and suggests that punishing the abuse of alcohol rather than the act of drinking itself may be a more just and successful solution. Another letter to the editors expresses excitement about the publication of a newspaper in California and hopes for a future of unity and progress in the region.

The article titled "For the Californian" reflects a period in the early to mid-19th century where social reform movements were increasingly influencing public policy in the United States, particularly around issues like temperance and the use of intoxicating liquors. This was a time when the temperance movement was gaining traction, fueled by concerns over the social and health impacts of alcohol consumption.

One of the most notable aspects highlighted in this article is the author’s discussion of “moral suasion” as a method of combating alcohol abuse. As stated, “philanthropic men have been devising the means of stopping the abuse, and the countless miseries which have been produced by it,” indicating a growing awareness and societal concern over the consequences of alcohol. The invocation of moral suasion reflects a wider trend of the time, where reformers believed that education and moral appeal could change social behavior more effectively than legislative measures alone.

The article critiques several past attempts at prohibition or regulation, using examples from Mississippi and Massachusetts to illustrate the failures of strict laws. In Mississippi, the author notes, “a law, making it a criminal offence...resulted in...the law was repealed, and the whole community was again overwhelmed with the indiscriminate use of the stuff.” This observation underscores a critical point made by temperance advocates during this era: that heavy-handed laws often resulted in backlash, greater resistance, and increased illicit drinking.

Further illustrating the ineffectiveness of prohibitionary laws, the author references “the 15 gallon law” in Massachusetts, explaining how individuals found ways to circumvent regulations—“those who wished it always found it,” highlighting the creativity with which people can navigate restrictive laws. This suggests a profound understanding of human behavior; the author argues that prohibition not only fails to solve the problem but often exacerbates it by pushing drinking underground.

The article’s critique extends to the social dynamics of alcohol consumption, particularly among seafarers and the working class. The author captures this sentiment by noting, “the sailor gets ashore...he accordingly goes to a shop keeper and pays him four times its worth for the ‘aguadirente.’” Here, the narrative emphasizes the irony of the sailor, who perceives a restriction on his liberty in a society where those in power partake in drinking without consequence. This duality illustrates class disparities in the enforcement of alcohol laws and foreshadows the cultural rifts present in American society as temperance debates intensified.

Additionally, the closing remarks create a reflective tone towards the future of California. The author expresses hope that as California becomes “a member of the ‘Glorious American Union,’” there may be a movement towards shared values and virtues among its diverse populace. This speaks to the broader American context of the 1850s, a period marked by rapid change, including the Gold Rush and the resulting influx of people, which necessitated an evolution in social structures and governance.

In conclusion, "For the Californian" serves as a historical document that encapsulates the complexities of the temperance movement while also reflecting broader social changes in 19th century America. It offers insight into early reformist sentiments and struggles with moral and legislative approaches to public health and societal behavior, indicative of an era grappling with issues of individual liberty, public morality, and social responsibility.

Introduction

In the mid-19th century, the United States was undergoing a transformative period that not only reshaped its social and legal landscapes but also influenced its national identity. Against the backdrop of the Gold Rush and the influx of diverse populations into California, several pressing issues emerged, notably the consumption and regulation of intoxicating liquor. An insightful article published in *The Californian*, a newspaper widely read at the time, provides a striking commentary on the struggle against alcohol, shedding light on the complexities of temperance movements and the societal reactions that accompanied legislative efforts aimed at regulating alcohol consumption.

In addressing the paper’s editors, the writer delves into the broader historical context of temperance movements, reviewing prior attempts at legislation designed to curb alcohol use. Ultimately, the author advocates for a refined approach grounded in "moral suasion." This thesis raises profound questions about individual freedom, societal norms, and legislative efficacy—issues that continue to resonate in today’s discussions about substance abuse and personal liberties.

The Context of Alcohol Consumption in 19th Century America

The narrative surrounding alcohol consumption in America has long been a contentious struggle marked by deep societal divides. By the 1840s, various social reform movements had emerged to combat the negative effects of alcohol on families, communities, and public health. Alcohol had historically played a significant role in American life, serving as both a social lubricant and a nutritional supplement. However, the excessive consumption of alcohol catalyzed alarming issues—poverty, crime, and familial breakdown—that could no longer be ignored.

The temperance movement, advocating for reduced or complete abstention from alcohol, gained momentum in the early 19th century. Organizations such as the American Temperance Society, founded in 1826, aimed to educate the public on the dangers of excessive drinking. Yet, these efforts often provoked polarized responses, with some advocating for strict prohibition while others championed individual rights and liberties.

In California, a burgeoning land of opportunity spurred by the Gold Rush of 1848, diverse cultures and ideologies intersected, creating fertile ground for both change and conflict. It is within this dynamic environment that the article in *The Californian* arose, expressing grave concerns over the rampant alcohol use fostered by the influx of newcomers.

The "Moral Suasion" Approach

A key argument in the article is the adoption of “moral suasion” as a tactical strategy to mitigate excessive alcohol use. Unlike punitive measures, moral suasion sought to persuade individuals to voluntarily abandon drinking by appealing to their moral sensibilities. This method proved particularly effective in the temperance movement's early years, though its impact fluctuated depending on enforcement, societal attitudes, and cultural contexts.

The author critiques a failed legislative effort in Mississippi, where a law made it a criminal act to provide alcohol to individuals in one's home. While intended to curb drinking, the law backfired, inciting public resentment and rebellion. The piece succinctly captures this backlash: “the people felt the restraint, and even those who, before cared nothing about it, rebelled against the law.” This observation serves as a poignant reminder that legislative efforts misaligned with public sentiment can provoke counterproductive behaviors.

Contemporary discussions on drug policies find a parallel here. For instance, punitive drug laws often foster underground markets and exacerbate social issues, illustrating that outright prohibition may not achieve the intended goals.

Critique of Legislative Measures

The article firmly challenges the criminalization of all alcohol consumption, suggesting that only the abuse of alcohol should be subject to punishment. Through this argument, the author encourages readers to reflect on the nuances of justice and the moral responsibilities that accompany legislation.

- **Equality Under Law**: “If drinking spirits be a CRIME, then punish it as a crime in all, from the Commodore to the cook’s mate,” the author writes, spotlighting the selective enforcement of liquor laws that disproportionately punishes certain groups. This assertion underscores the need for lawmakers to consider both the letter of the law and the moral implications behind it.

- **Access and Class**: The author also raises the troubling issue of how societal status and privilege allow some individuals to access alcohol freely while others are pushed towards illicit means. For example, a sailor cut off from legal drinking options may resort to sneaking into a “filthy doggery” for a drink. This commentary on class dynamics remains relevant to modern discussions of health and morality.

The Role of Newspapers: Public Discourse and Engagement

Furthermore, *The Californian* represents more than just a platform for news; it acts as a vital avenue for public discourse. Newspapers of this era were instrumental in shaping public opinion and community policies, as they served as the connective tissue binding various social groups. The burgeoning press played a crucial role in encouraging dialogue on moral issues like temperance.

In the letter’s closing remarks, the author expresses optimism about journalism’s potential: “I have had the pleasure of seeing your spirited little paper… it looks like a new era was opening…” This transition from sparse communication to a vibrant newspaper culture signals a critical evolution in civic engagement during California's early years. In a time of slow information flow, local papers rapidly circulated ideas, guiding communities toward collective reflection.

Effects of Drinking on Society and Public Health

At the heart of the article lies a recognition of the profound impact of alcohol abuse on society and public health. The acknowledgment of alcohol's disruptive role sheds light on a growing social awareness emerging from this period. Substance abuse had far-reaching effects on families, contributing to poverty and domestic violence while straining community resources.

The author’s concerns resonate with contemporary discussions surrounding the opioid crisis, where communities grapple with addiction’s widespread repercussions. Just as the temperance movement sought to illuminate and address the harms of excessive drinking, modern initiatives focus on addiction education and support rather than vilification.

The Evolution of Temperance Movements

In the decades following the publication of this article in *The Californian*, the landscape of temperance movements in America dramatically evolved. Educational campaigns, changing societal dynamics, and a growing understanding of addiction ushered in new movements and strategies. The late 19th and early 20th centuries heralded the rise of Prohibition; however, these measures too sparked considerable societal pushback, leading to a host of challenges related to enforcement and public compliance.

By the 1920s, Prohibition birthed organized crime and numerous unintended consequences that shaped American culture. Still, the dialogues initiated in the 1840s laid essential foundations for further exploration of the complex relationships surrounding alcohol consumption, individual agency, and public policy.

Conclusion

The article from *The Californian* serves as a historical lens into the intricacies of the temperance movement in the 19th century, illuminating the complex interplay between legislation, morality, and public behavior. As we reflect on these past struggles, we are invited to consider the ongoing debates around addiction and its entwinement with cultural, social, and economic factors.

An earnest exploration of our history reveals not only the missteps of our predecessors but also offers opportunities for learning and growth. The continuous dialogue surrounding substance use and regulation depicted poignantly in this article echoes beyond mere historical interest; it remains relevant as we confront contemporary societal challenges. The lessons gleaned from our past serve as compelling reminders of the complexities involved in law, morality, and individual freedom, urging us to navigate these issues with both awareness and compassion.

Key Phrases:

1. **19th Century Temperance Movements** - To explore the origins and evolution of temperance movements in the 19th century, see this overview from the [National Women's History Museum](https://www.womenshistory.org/resources/general/temperance-movement).

2. **Moral Suasion in Substance Abuse** - For a detailed discussion on the concept of moral suasion as a strategy in social reform, refer to this analysis from [The National Institute on Drug Abuse](https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/moral-suasion).

3. **Impact of Alcohol Abuse on Society** - To understand the societal effects of alcohol abuse, access this comprehensive report by the [Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)](https://www.cdc.gov/alcohol/fact-sheets/alcohol-use.htm).

4. **Legislation and Alcohol Regulation** - Explore the historical context and evolution of alcohol legislation in the United States through this article from the [Brookings Institution](https://www.brookings.edu/research/the-history-of-alcohol-policy-in-the-united-states).

5. **Role of Newspapers in Public Discourse** - For a look at the historical significance of newspapers in shaping public opinion, consult this resource from [The Library of America](https://loa.org/news/1369-the-role-of-newspapers-in-early-american-history).

6. **Consequences of Prohibition** - To assess the impacts and consequences of Prohibition in the United States, investigate this paper from [The American Historical Association](https://www.historians.org/research-and-publications/perspectives-on-history/december-2019/the-impact-of-prohibition).

7. **Substance Abuse and Public Health** - For information on the relationship between substance abuse and public health initiatives, check the [World Health Organization](https://www.who.int/health-topics/substance-abuse).

8. **Adapting Addiction Strategies Over Time** - Review current approaches to addiction treatment and prevention in this article from the [Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA)](https://www.samhsa.gov/).

These resources should provide a comprehensive foundation for further research into the various dimensions of temperance movements, alcohol regulation, and societal impacts in 19th century America.

Citation: The Californian

- For the Californian., 1846-08-29
https://cdnc.ucr.edu/ University of California Riverside Digital Newspaper Archive

Original Article:

MESSRS. EDITORS:
—The evil of intoxicating liquor has been a theme for conversation, and in fact, for Legislation, in almost all parts of the world, for several years, and it would be a great labor to get up new arguments and new reasons now, for such and such a course of policy, but I am in hopes you will pardon me for making a few suggestions on the subject of the best means of suppressing the too free use of the ardent in this place. For the last thirty years, philanthropic men have been devising the means of stopping the abuse, and the countless miseries which have been produced by it, and it has been within the last six or seven years, that the new principle of "moral suasion" has been adopted;—to find out the best means to accomplish an object, we should inquire into the success of the various means which have been tried. Let us examine the facts. In the State of Mississippi, U. S., "moral suasion" had accomplished so much that a large majority of the Legislature passed a law, making it a criminal offence, even to give a man ardent spirits in ones own house, the result was, that the people felt the restraint, and even those who, before cared nothing about it, rebelled against the law, which they believed to be an encroachment upon the rights of the citizen, and in a short time, the law was repealed, and the whole community was again overwhelmed with the indiscriminate use of the stuff, and the reaction produced by the previous restraint, increased the abuse three fold. Again, in Massachusettss, during the existence of the 15 gallon law, those who wished it always found it. The "striped pig," and a thousand and one other stratagems were resorted to, for the purpose of avoiding the letter of the law. So that it was soon ascertained that the evil had not been prevented, and the most sensible portion of the friends of temperance was convinced of the utter fallacy of such a course, and again resorted to the doctrine of "moral suasion." Mankind, in general, is very much like Paddy's pig, when you wish them to travel in one direction, try to drive them in an opposite course. In all instances, when you are under the necessity of attacking long established custom, the only means which have heretofore succeeded, has been to convince the mind, and by the mildest possible means, persuade them to abandon a bad habit. As a warm and devoted friend of the cause of temperance, I doubt of the success of the present system in Monterey. If drinking spirits be a CRIME, then punish it as a crime in all, from the Commodore to the cook's mate, but if only the abuse of it, be a crime, then punish the abuse: this is justice, and not a man before the mast but knows it, and uses, in his own mind, this mode of argument. With these feelings, the sailor gets ashore, he says to himself, "the officers of the ship, have their wines and brandy, and many of them even drank too much of it, and I am denied the liberty of buying one glass of grog, he accordingly goes to a shop keeper and pays him four times its worth for the "aguadirente." it being stolen, he drinks too much. The citizen of the town says to himself, "I am free," and the man whose proud spirit would not quail in front of a hostile army, sneaks into the back door of a filthy doggery, to drink with the rabble, where he never would have been seen under other circumstances. I have thrown out these few pencil-mark ideas, gentlemen, in hopes, that, through you they may reach the ears of our present law-makers, and perhaps induce them to think, whether or not, some more successful mode may not be devised to stop the evil. A CITIZEN. For the Californian. MESSRS. EDITORS:—I have had the pleasure of seeing your spirited little paper, and permit me to assure you, it gave me much pleasure. I have lived for some years in California, and have only at long intervals, seen a newspaper, and those dated 6 or 8 months back. It looks like a new era was opening on the people of this beautiful land, to see a paper published in one of our towns, and giving us the news of the country; it is a gratification which I have looked for, but not so soon. When I look round me, and suffer my imagination to look forward, but a few years more, when my adopted country shall become a member of the "Glorious American Union," when the natives and the naturalized citizen shall hail each other as brethren, and all strive together in the pursuit of industry, virtue and kindness, my heart leaps with pleasure. Under the belief, that your paper, if conducted on the principles upon which you have commenced, will go far to hasten these good results. OBSERVER.

"Strike down the wages of the laborer, and you strike down your country."

 

Chronicle of Growth and Change in Emerging California

The article discusses the changes in the newspaper "The Californian", including its move from Monterey to San Francisco due to the expansion of the paper and the editor's personal interests. It also highlights the importance of the press in California's development, updates on the weather, and news from the Sandwich Islands and Mexico. The article emphasizes the need for subscribers to pay their dues to support the newspaper's growth and success.

The article titled "NEWSPAPER" provides a fascinating window into the mid-19th-century press landscape of California, particularly at a time of significant change. It documents the move of the paper, the Californian, from Monterey to San Francisco, and reflects broader themes of economic opportunity, community support, and the implications of the westward expansion in the United States.

Context of the Californian's Move:

The Californian's relocation was not merely geographical but also indicative of the shifting dynamics in California during the Gold Rush era. Founded in Monterey, a city recognized for its historical significance as the capital of Alta California, the paper’s migration to San Francisco—a burgeoning hub—illustrates the transformation of economic centers during the 1840s. The article states, “The Bay of San Francisco, is now, and will continue to be the great Mart for the Pacific,” emphasizing the strategic importance of the location for commerce and communication.

Economic Aspirations and Community Engagement:

The article also highlights the paper’s economic model and its relationship with subscribers. The authors express hope that their new volume will attract both current and new patrons, charging different subscription rates depending on when individuals choose to renew or sign up. The line, “Persons subscribing now will pay five dollors per annum,” reflects not only the economic realities but also an eagerness to foster a community that values its local press. This sense of engagement is further reinforced with the statement that “Our patrons will probably enquire why the Californian is now published at San Francisco instead of Monterey,” showcasing an awareness of audience sentiment and the need for transparency.

Broader Implications of Expansion and Progress:

The article contrasts the early period of settlement and the burgeoning potential of California, noting that “the indomitable energy and courage of the Anglo-American has overcome every obstacle,” thereby underscoring the contemporary narrative of Manifest Destiny. The authors are optimistic about California's future, with a recognition that economic and agricultural conditions were ripe for development: “The rich valleys which have lain for ages uncultivated... will now be brought into active cultivation.” This portrayal is hopeful and anticipatory, mirroring the attitudes of many contemporaries who viewed westward expansion as a path to prosperity and innovation.

Literary and Press Values:

The commitment to remaining neutral in political discourse is articulated clearly, with the motto “MEASURES, NOT MEN,” signaling an aspirational objectivity in a period rife with considerable partisan tensions due to the Mexican-American War. The paper's goal to promote “peace and order” and to publish “useful intelligence” suggests an early ambition to establish journalism standards focused more on community welfare than on political sensationalism.

Conclusion:

In summary, the article serves as a historical artifact that not only explains the operational realities of a newspaper transitioning from Monterey to San Francisco but also reflects broader societal changes occurring in California at the time. It is emblematic of the challenges and ambitions of early Californian journalism amidst the backdrop of rapid demographic and economic transformation. The voiced aspirations for growth both for the Californian and the region resonate deeply with the ethos of growth that characterized the United States during this dynamic era.

The Californian: Chronicle of Growth and Change in Emerging California (1846-1848)

The mid-nineteenth century marked a remarkable transformation for California, as it evolved from a sparsely populated territory into a burgeoning hub of commerce and culture. In this crucial period, the newspaper *The Californian* emerged as a vital voice, articulating the aspirations, challenges, and triumphs of a fledgling state. A pivotal article published in 1846 not only chronicled the newspaper's relocation to San Francisco but also highlighted its commitment to its subscribers and an ever-growing community. Within these pages, we catch a glimpse of the immediate concerns of that era, as well as the foundational role newspapers play in shaping societal values and public engagement.

The Journey from Monterey to San Francisco

*The Californian* began its journey in Monterey, once California's capital and the heart of early settlement. This locale provided an ideal backdrop for maritime trade and governmental activities. However, the decision to relocate to San Francisco soon surfaced as a strategic move forward:

"We were as liberally supported there as we expected... our determination to move AT THE TIME we did was brought about from the difficulty of procuring a house suitable for an office."

This transition was far more than a mere change of address; it signified a recognition of San Francisco as the "great Mart for the Pacific," where burgeoning commerce would thrive amid a growing population. As American settlers flooded westward, seeking opportunity and prosperity, the title "great Mart" would soon gain credence. San Francisco was destined to solidify its place as a major trade hub on the West Coast.

Embracing the Change: A New Volume for New Beginnings

Just nine months after its inception, *The Californian* felt it was time to "commence a new volume." This gesture signified not only a rebirth but also an invitation for its patrons to renew their commitment under new auspices. It speaks to a profound truth about the evolution of American society: growth often accompanies change. The urgency to adapt to rapid transformations in the region illustrated the fluid nature of civic life in California during this vibrant period.

Subscription rates reflected the growing demand for information, as the newspaper proposed new prices that hinted at an upgraded quality and wider scope in future editions:

 "Persons subscribing now will pay five dollars per annum."

By asking for advance payment, *The Californian* promoted a significant shift—news was evolving from a mere service to an essential investment in community amid transformative times.

A Balancing Act: Addressing Public Concerns

Recognizing its civic responsibilities, *The Californian* pledged to "strictly adhere to the principles laid down in our original prospectus," which emphasized neutrality in "party strife or personal difficulties." This commitment to impartiality illustrated a keen understanding of the importance of unity and cooperation within a rapidly diversifying community.

As settlers from varied backgrounds converged, the need for a common thread became apparent—a platform for dialogue. The newspaper aimed to position itself not only as an entertainer of the masses but also as a facilitator of essential discussions.

 "We shall use all our influence and exertions to promote peace and order."

Amidst rising reports of social discord stemming from competing interests among settlers, indigenous peoples, and Mexican citizens, the pledge of neutrality took on added significance. It represented a concerted effort to provide balanced viewpoints on the political landscape unfolding across California.

Emigration and the American Dream

Among the most crucial elements of the article is its acknowledgment of wider trends shaping California during this era. It noted:

"The time has arrived when all eyes are turned towards the Pacific. The tide of emigration has for ages been tending westward."

This observation resonates with the profound national narrative of westward expansion, often steeped in ideas of destiny and opportunities. Following the 1848 discovery of gold at Sutter's Mill, this "tide of emigration" surged, dramatically altering California’s demographics and economy.

While the article initially painted a picture of agricultural development and trade, the looming realities of the Gold Rush would necessitate shifts in focus. *The Californian* would soon evolve from a publication concentrated on commerce to one chronicling the intense effects of mass migration alongside the societal changes that followed.

Cultivating Resources: The Promises of Prosperity

The article further illuminated California's untapped potential:

 "The rich valleys which have lain for ages uncultivated... will now be brought into active cultivation."

This declaration epitomized the dual promise of California: both the allure of vast, fertile lands and the industrious spirit of its new settlers. The phrase “active cultivation” carries a bittersweet irony; the land was primed for exploitation by those arriving in search of fortune.

As settlers began to reap the benefits of this fertile land, the ecological consequences of agriculture and settlement would unfold, demanding new responsibilities. Farmers, merchants, and laborers reshaped California, not just economically, but socially, crafting a dynamic identity for the state.

The Press as an Engine for Change

*The Californian* affirmed its crucial role in a thriving democracy. It proclaimed:

 "We shall use every effort to sustain the high reputation of the PRESS; that powerful engine for good or for ill."

This statement highlights the press's dual capacity to influence society profoundly—it could ignite progress or fuel discord. The editors remained committed to ensuring that *The Californian* would not only chronicle events but elevate discourse throughout California, helping to convey useful information across every strata of society.

By dedicating themselves to impartial reporting, the newspaper’s leaders recognized that a well-informed populace was essential to an emerging democracy. Their responsibilities extended beyond mere reporting—they aspired to educate readers on pressing social, economic, and political issues that affected their lives.

Reciprocity Between the Press and its Readers

Gratitude permeated *The Californian's* pages, as it thanked contributors and readers for their support. This appreciation speaks volumes about the communal spirit defining California's early days. The newspaper’s success hinged not only on its quality but also on the engagement of its audience:

 "To those who have contributed to our columns... their kindness is, and ever will be, appreciated by us."

This acknowledgment of partnership fosters a sense of accountability and reciprocity between writers and readers, inviting them into a shared narrative and presaging the participatory journalism model long before it became a trend.

The tone depicts optimism while recognizing the education and contributions necessary for sustaining a successful community endeavor. The early reporters and settlers established a legacy of engagement that continues to inspire modern journalism.

Temporal Reflections on Labor and Identity

The article closed with a powerful reminder of labor's pivotal role in a society:

 "Who are those that make up the people of a country? Those who labor. Strike down the wages of the laborer, and you strike down your country."

These words resonate profoundly, echoing through today’s complex labor issues. Movements for labor rights, economic disparities, and the treatment of workers can trace their origins back to this awareness. Labor is not merely a service; it forms the backbone of society, encompassing agricultural practices, merchant trade, and industrial growth.

The reflection on labor as central to national strength carries significant weight, especially as we navigate contemporary issues of race, class, and economic inequality in America.

Conclusion: Lessons from *The Californian*

The historical narrative captured by *The Californian* from 1846 to 1848 serves as more than a record of its time; it offers essential insights into the forces that shaped California, its society, and, indeed, America itself. By exploring community dynamics, promoting impartial discourse, and recognizing the values of labor, the newspaper embodies the collective spirit that would eventually propel California into the Golden State we celebrate today.

The lessons etched within this remarkable historical document remind us that every transformation calls for resilience, unity, and a commitment to the common good. As we reflect on our contemporary societal structures, the enduring principles articulated in this article illuminate pathways forward—tasks of civic engagement, labor rights, resource management, and the role of the press—all resonate today, offering rich insights into navigating the complexities of our modern world.

Key Phrases:

1. 'The Journey from Monterey to San Francisco' - This phrase underscores the historical significance of San Francisco's emergence as a trade hub. For further reading, see this article on 'The Economic History of San Francisco' from [The California Historical Society](https://californiahistoricalsociety.org/).
2. 'The tide of emigration has for ages been tending westward' - This refers to the broader theme of westward expansion in American history. For further reading, see “Manifest Destiny and the Westward Expansion” from [History.com](https://www.history.com/topics/westward-expansion/manifest-destiny).
3. 'Cultivating Resources: The Promises of Prosperity' - This highlights early agriculture and settlement in California. For further reading, see this article on 'The Impact of the Gold Rush on California Agriculture' from [The Agricultural History Society](https://www.aghistorysociety.org/), which explores agricultural practices during that era.
4. 'The Press as an Engine for Change' - This suggests the role of the media in shaping public discourse. For further reading, see 'The Role of Newspapers in American Society: 1776-1860' from [The Library of Congress](https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/american-magnolia/).
5. 'Temporal Reflections on Labor and Identity' - This expresses the significance of labor in American society. For further reading, see “Labor Movement History” from [PBS Learning Media](https://www.pbslearningmedia.org/).
6. 'The rich valleys which have lain for ages uncultivated' - This indicates the potential for agricultural development in California. For further reading, see “Agriculture in California” from the [California Department of Food and Agriculture](https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/).
7. 'Common thread became apparent—a platform for dialogue' - This emphasizes the importance of community engagement. For further reading, see “Public Discourse: A Platform for Community Engagement” from [The National Civic League](https://www.nnlc.org/).
8. 'Press and its Readers' - This touches on the relationship between journalism and the community. For further reading, see 'The Relationship Between Journalism and Society' from [Columbia Journalism Review](https://www.cjr.org/).

**Citation**: The Californian

- NEWSPAPER., 1847-05-22
https://cdnc.ucr.edu/ University of California Riverside Digital Newspaper Archive

Original Article:

The enlarged paper will be sent to all of our subscribers to finish the year for which they first subscribed, and on their renewal for the new series or second volume, they will pay in advance three dollars 75 cents, which will entitle them to the paper to the end of the second volume. Persons subscribing now will pay five dollors per annum. We thought it best to commence a new volume, although only nine months of the small paper had heen [been] published, on account of the paper having been so much enlarged. —————— Our patrons will probably enquire why the Californian is now published at San Francisco instead of Monterey. We feel it, not only a duty, but a privilage to answer that inquiry, and we believe it can be done to their satisfaction without giving offence to any, or the disparagement of either place. We first located at Monterey because the Press was there, the Navy was there, and the Government was there, and we had no important interest at any other place. We were as liberally supported there as we expected, and met with all the kindness and attention of a high-minded and hospitable people. The first nine months of the Californian very nearly paid its own expenses, and was gradually increasing its circulation, and we had determined to remain there until the end of our first year, in the hope that some enterprizing Yankee would bring out a press, and be willing to take our place, but our determination to move AT THE TIME we did, was brought about from the difficulty of procuring a house suitable for an office. The most important reason for our leaving Monterey, was not that we disliked the place, or the people, for we were highly pleased with both; but we have been fortunate enough to secure a valuable landed interest on the Bay of San Francisco, on which we are laying out a town, and it is, we believe, a universal principal, that persons love to look after No. 1. We were anxious to be as near to our interest as possible; while we were satisfied that we could make the California equally, if not MORE useful to our patrons by publishing it at this place. The Bay of San Francisco, is now, and will continue to be the great Mart for the Pacific. The Merchants and the people will be interested in knowing what is going forward on the Bay, the amount of goods in market, the prices of produce, and in fact, all the news from the point to which they must look, for their supplies and a market for their surplus productions. We shall notice the arrival of ships, the kind of goods they bring for sale, and as near as may be, the prices current. We shall strictly adhere to the principles laid down in our original prospectus. Studiously avoiding all party strife of personal difficulty, taking sides with no individuals, but will use all our influence and exertions to promote peace and order. Warning the people against impending danger, and recommending such measures as will in our opinion be beneficial to the great mass of the people of California. We shall ivariably [invariably] adopt the motto of "MEASURES, NOT MEN." The time has arrived when all eyes are turned towards the Pacific. The tide of emigration has for ages been tending westward. The great Rocky mountains continued for a time, to be a barrier, but the indomitable energy and courage of the Anglo-American has overcome every obstacle, and are now pouring in torrents upon the beautiful plains of California, their genius and industry, must, in a very short space of time develop to a great extent, the immense resources of this Pacific region. The rich valleys which have lain for ages uncultivated, and the tall grass and oats, only cropped by the wild deer and elk, will now be brought into active cultivation. The waters of our beautiful bay and rivers which have been undisturbed, except by an occasional "hide-drover," and her small boats, will soon be the scene of busy commerce, and the air blackened with the smoke of the majestic Steam Boat. We shall use every effort to sustain the high reputation of the PRESS; that powerful engine for good or for ill, and make it keep pace with the improvement of the age and country; by which useful intelligence shall be conveyed through every branch of society. Thus far our prospects are far from discouraging, and from present appearances, we think there can be but little doubt of the ultimate success and permanent establishment of the CALIFORNIAN. There has been much in our short experience that has served to counterbalance the cares and unpleasant occurrences inseparable from our situation. To our brother editors our thanks are certainly due for the polite reception they have given us, and the honorable mention they have made of our paper. The good wishes and flattering notices that flow upon us, will, we hope, induce us to greater exertion, in order that we may deserve their commendations. Many papers of the first standing in the United States, are already on our exchange list; nor do those welcome proofs of editorial approbation alone, reach us. Some are accompanied by written compliments, and warm expressions of good will that excite our gratitude, and give us courage to persevere in our exertions to perform creditably our arduous duties, and to discharge, to the satisfaction of the public, the responsibilities we have taken upon ourself. We certainly think that we have the means of making our paper worthy of its patronage; and this is saying much; for our subscription list boasts the names of men whose judgement and talents have secured to them reverence and commendation, and whose approbation we have an almost painful desire to merit. To those who have contributed to our columns, or may hearafter [hereafter] favour us with communications, we would observe that their kindness is, and ever will be, appreciated by us. If communications are good, they are highly serviceable to our paper, and even if otherwise, they bear with them the conviction that their writers are interested in our success, and would willingly contribute to it. No person ever attained to excellence in a day, and we must not expect to shine in the world of letters without some considerable study and practice. In closing this article, with a greatful heart, we return our most sincere thanks to our former patrons, and hope to deserve a continuance of their favors, and that of the whole people of California. ———ooo——— ☞ A HINT.—Our friends must understand that if they wish to see the Californian prosper on the large form, they must pay their subscriptions. There is very little prospect for a large paper unless our friends come up to the point as they ought. Pay the printer or you get no PAPER. ———ooo——— VERY STRANGE.—Some Merchants who came out in the Bark Whiton, have actually brought quite a number of very USEFUL articles, such as ploughs, spades, Carpenter's tools, &c. &c., and not a single stran [strand] of BEEDS. They have set up a store in a small house on the beach. ———ooo——— ☞ The office of the Californian is on the same lot with the WIND MILL. Wonder which will use the most GASS. ———ooo——— THE WEATHER,—We have had two or three light showers of rain during the past week, but the weather was remarkably pleasant, with light breeze's in the evenings. The small gardens in this neighborhood look in a prospering condition. The Mercury in the thermometer average 56 degrees above zero. ———ooo——— We have received our regular files of Sandwich Islands papers by the Schr. Santa Cruz, Capt. Lowe, from Honolulu, They contain but very little news of importance. The U. S. Line-of-batle [battle] ships, Pensylvania [Pennsylvania] and North Carolina, (in addition to the blockading vessels) were off Vera Cruz, awating [awaiting] the answer of the Mexican Congress, to the last offer of the United States. The blockade of all the Mexican ports was being enforced, Com. Shubrick, it was supposed would occupy Mazatlan. The Sloop-of-war Portsmouth was blockading the harbor of San José. The President's Message was received through the Mexican journals. The English and American mails were prohibited from passing through the country. We copy the following from the News, March 31st. "The Argo brings us Mexican papers to the 18th Feb., from which we take following: Gen. Scott had assumed the command of the American forces, having arrived at Tampico with an additional body of troops. Gen. Taylor had marched from Monterey and Saltillo to the southward, to join Gen. Scott, and their united forces, amounting to over 20,000 men, would march upon Vera Cruz, which was to be attacked immediately by sea and land, if the ultimatum sent to Mexico by the United States was not accepted. Santa Anna left San Luis Potosi on the 31st Jan., as stated in 'El Republicano' of the 12th ult., with 10,000 men, and 19 pieces of heavy artillery. At the same time Generals Parrodi and Mejia had marched from Fula with 11,000. All were directed upon Monterey, and the reason of this forward movement upon that place is probably to be found in the fact that Gen. Taylor had just quitted it. The Republicano also adds that this statement of troops does not include the army which was in Tula, for the brigades of Merion and Iuvera. The Mexican army was in a miserable condition, without pay, and almost destitute of clothing, and we notice in the same paper the following: "Last night a courier arrived with dispatches from Gen. Santa Anna, in which he announces his arrival at Matehala on the 7th instant, (February,) without any important occurrence, but overwhelmed with misery in consequence of the neglect of the government to make the necessary provisions for the necessities of the army." Contradictory statements are not wanting, for while we learn from one source that Gen. Taylor had marched to the south, as before stated, El Republicano of the 12th ult., says: "We know that General Taylor has fortified himself at Saltillo, and has nearly six thousand men, with sixteon [sixteen] pieces of Artillery." In El Senorense, Ionora, of Feb., 18th, we notice a despatch from Gen. Merion to Santa Anna, dated at the hacienda de la Eucarnacion, near Tula, informing him that he had captured an advance post of the Americans at that place, taking prisoners two staff officers, four subalterns, and seventy six men, among whom was a Mexican, who was immediately shot. This feat appears to have been performed with a whole brigade, and Santa Anna replies that it has covered itself with glory—given it thanks in the name of the nation, and directs that the spoils of the enemy be divided among the valiant troops. Nothing is heard of General Wool's division in the north, and most of the news through the Mexican papers should be taken with some grains of allowance." ———ooo——— ☞ Who are those that make up the people of a country? Those who labor. Strike down the wages of the laborer, and you strike down your country.

A Look into "Late from Monterey" from The Californian

 

The article reports on the murder of 24 Mexicans at Gualopa by a party of Americans, with suspicion falling on the United States dragoons and Texas rangers. General Taylor is determined to punish those responsible. The article also describes the horrid scene of a previous massacre where wagoners were killed and mutilated by Mexican soldiers. General Urrea is reported to be at Linaries with artillery, while US troops are garrisoning nearby towns for safety.

A Look into "Late from Monterey" from The Californian

The article titled "LATE FROM MONTEREY," dated April 4 and relayed through a letter, provides a harrowing account of violent skirmishes during the Mexican-American War (1846-1848). This piece reflects not only the brutal realities and horrors of war but also the underlying tensions and interactions between American forces and local Mexican populations, as well as the implications of military responsibility during a turbulent period in U.S.-Mexican relations.

 Contextual Analysis

This report arrives at a time when the United States was deeply involved in the Mexican-American War, which stemmed from territorial disputes after the annexation of Texas. The conflict was marked by increasing hostilities and significant violence from both sides. The events detailed in the article occur amidst a backdrop of escalating tensions, particularly in the northern regions of Mexico, where American troops were attempting to assert control over territories claimed by the United States.

The specific incident mentioned, the murder of 24 Mexicans at Gualopa, underscores the fragility of the American military command. The letter states, “The murder is said to have been committed on the 28 ult.— On that night a train of loaded wagons, escorted by 200 infantry,” indicating that even with substantial military presence, violence erupted. The implication that American soldiers might be involved in such a heinous crime suggests potential accountability issues and an atmosphere of lawlessness that was often characteristic of military operations during this war.

 Direct Quotes and Their Significance

1. **“Suspicion rests upon some part of this corps, though no clue has as yet been found to discover the guilty.”** This quote reveals the immediate concern among the command structure regarding the conduct of American troops. The mention of suspicion implies a fracture in discipline and raises questions about the adherence to military ethics, a theme that would haunt many military engagements throughout American history.

2. **“General Taylor has got his steam up on the subject, and is determined to have hung every one who it can be proved, has taken part in the murder.”** General Zachary Taylor’s resolve to punish those culpable reflects not only an attempt to uphold order but also to maintain a facade of justice in the face of such brutal acts. This also demonstrates the significant challenges military leaders faced regarding troop behavior that contradicted the values the U.S. sought to project internationally.

3. **“Some had their hearts cut out and suspended upon the bushes, or thrust into their mouths. The eyes of others were dug from their sockets...”** This grotesque description serves to illustrate the extreme violence that characterized military engagements during this time. Such brutal imagery starkly contrasts with the prevailing ideals of honor and valiance often romanticized in military narratives, presenting a grim reality of war that starkly accentuates the moral implications of both the Mexican and American actions.

 Historical Interpretation

The article serves as a microcosm of the broader conflict, showcasing the human capacity for violence amid wartime chaos. The mention of “regular soldiers of the Mexican army” implies that cruelty was not limited to rogue individuals but was, in some instances, systemic and reflective of the brutal context of warfare. Additionally, the commentary about the ‘mutilation’ of bodies not only highlights the savagery associated with this particular theater of war but also speaks to the dehumanizing effects of prolonged conflict, where both sides engaged in acts designed to instill fear.

Moreover, the phrase “the scene is truly the most horrid and revolting that I have ever witnessed” positions the narrator as a witness to atrocities, which can serve as both a personal and collective critique of the war. It raises questions about the ethics of warfare and serves as a stark reminder of the costs of conflict on human life and dignity.

 Conclusion

The content of the article “LATE FROM MONTEREY” intertwines firsthand accounts of violence with broader historical themes of military conduct, accountability, and the brutal realities of the Mexican-American War. It acts as a crucial primary source for understanding the violence that accompanied the military campaigns and the clash of cultures during this contentious period in American history. Such accounts are essential for historians seeking to decode the complex narratives surrounding war and its impact on both soldiers and civilians, underlining how the consequences of such conflicts reverberate well beyond their immediate context.

 Echoes of Violence: A Look into "Late from Monterey" from The Californian

Introduction

The mid-19th century was a crucial juncture in American history, especially during the tumultuous years between 1846 and 1848 marked by the Mexican-American War. This conflict not only reshaped borders but deeply influenced the cultural fabric of North America. Within this historical context, the article "Late from Monterey" from *The Californian* offers a stark glimpse into the violent realities of warfare, societal upheaval, and the unsettling narratives that persist to this day. Through its portrayal of brutality faced by individuals during the conflict, the article serves as a powerful reminder of the human cost of war and the enduring echoes of violence that resonate across time.

 Background: The Mexican-American War

Before unearthing the specific events highlighted in the article, it’s essential to explore the broader historical context of the Mexican-American War—an episode characterized by territorial ambitions and the controversial doctrine of Manifest Destiny. This ideology, championing the idea of American expansion across North America, was both a rallying cry and a destructive force. The annexation of Texas in 1845 ignited tensions with Mexico, ultimately escalating into full-scale war. This era challenged not just military strategies but also fundamental issues of sovereignty, national identity, and human sacrifice.

As the war unfolded, the United States gained significant territories—now known as California, Arizona, New Mexico, and parts of Colorado, Nevada, and Utah—at a grievous cost to human life and ethical considerations. As we delve into the *Californian's* harrowing accounts, we witness a continuum of violence that has both immediate and long-lasting implications.

 A Gruesome Report from Monterey

The article reprints extracts from a letter dated April 4, detailing horrific events around the town of Gualopa, Mexico, where 24 Mexicans were murdered by a group of Americans. The jarring phrase “the murder is said to have been committed by a party of Americans, numbering about 20” pulls readers immediately into a grim reality that underscores the lawlessness and ethical decay that can pervade wartime.

The chilling details of execution—binding unarmed prisoners before they were shot—cast a shadow of dishonor on the American forces involved. Notably, the letter states, “General Taylor has got his steam up on the subject, and is determined to have hung every one who it can be proved, has taken part in the murder.” This excerpt indicates a palpable tension within military ranks, revealing a desperate quest for accountability amid rampant violence.

Such brutal acts starkly contrast with Taylor's call for justice, as the landscape is marred by the image of “the remains of the murdered men lay upon the plains, their flesh devoured by Mexican wolves and buzzards.” This harrowing imagery not only evokes the horror of warfare but also compels readers to confront the inhumanity that stains both sides of the conflict.

 The Complexity of Violence

The interactions between American and Mexican forces cultivated an environment in which acts of brutality became alarmingly normalized. The letter captures the inhumanity experienced by wagoners ambushed during the conflict, recounting grotesque atrocities where “some had their hearts cut out and suspended upon the bushes, or thrust into their mouths.” These horrific displays serve as a dual tactic of terror and a reflection of societal collapse, where humanity unravels under the stress of war.

The internal struggle is palpable; the perpetrators of these heinous acts were regular soldiers within the Mexican army. The article mentions, “these were committed by General Urrea's men—the regular soldiers of the Mexican army!” This blurring of moral lines highlights a conflict not only between nations but within the very fabric of humanity. Each violent act compels us to grapple with questions of honor, dignity, and the ethics surrounding warfare.

Moreover, such narratives complicate the notion of American exceptionalism that pervades discussions of Manifest Destiny. The depiction of Mexican soldiers committing brutal acts against prisoners prompts readers to reconsider the implications of their beliefs and the wars fought in their name.

The Broader Human Costs of War

The harrowing accounts in *The Californian* transcend mere stories of violence; they encapsulate the broader human costs of war. Families—both American and Mexican—grappled with loss that extended far beyond the battlefield. The devastation of lives, the disintegration of communities, and the mourning of those caught in the crossfire serve as poignant reminders of the simplistic narrative that war consists solely of victories and defeats.

The article vividly articulates despair, stating, “More than three-fourths of them, it is thought, were killed—and their bodies shockingly mutilated and disfigured.” Such details lay bare the profound disregard for human life that often pervades wartime contexts, challenging us to confront the unsettling truths that lie beneath the valorized images of war.

Today, the trauma from conflicts, like those depicted in the *Californian*, echoes in contemporary discussions about military engagement, definitions of “just” warfare, and the responsibilities toward veterans and the displaced. These narratives remind us that the scars of battle often endure long after the last shots are fired.

 The Response from Leadership

Amidst this chaos, General Taylor's response sheds light on leadership's engagement with wartime atrocities. His commitment to “have hung every one who it can be proved, has taken part in the murder” underscores an attempt to uphold honor and discipline within military ranks. However, the pursuit of accountability becomes complex in the face of overwhelming chaos, where violence often begets further violence.

This intricate dance between leadership and lawlessness illustrates a fundamental challenge in the aftermath of conflict: establishing order amidst disorder. As Taylor seeks to restore accountability, he grapples with the daunting task of differentiating guilt in a landscape torn apart by war.

Furthermore, the mention of “the Mexican wolves and buzzards” feeding on the remains serves as a powerful metaphor for the cyclical nature of violence—how it perpetuates suffering for both the aggressor and the victim. This imagery resonates with the idea that societies may remain overshadowed by their histories, with socio-political contexts continually shaping national identity through prevailing narratives.

 Reflections on Memory and Commemoration

As we reflect on the events detailed in the article, it becomes evident that memory plays a crucial role in understanding the cultural implications of war. The historical accounts in *The Californian* are not simply records; they lay the foundation for how such events are remembered or memorialized in modern society.

The neglect of the slain—leaving bodies exposed to scavengers—serves as a metaphor for how conflicts often render lives and stories invisible. Engaging with these narratives fosters empathy and reinforces the importance of recognizing the human cost of violence, urging future generations to grasp the significance of life amid the horrors of warfare.

In modern times, continual discourse around historical violence necessitates sensitivity and depth. As society constructs memorials or shares stories through various mediums, the imperative for accuracy remains paramount to preserving the humanity of those involved. Academia, art, and literature strive to wrestle with the implications of war, ensuring that the voices of the past do not fade into obscurity.

 Conclusion

The article "Late from Monterey” stands as both a haunting account of violence and a powerful artifact provoking reflections on the ramifications of war, human nature, and our collective memory. The brutal realities faced by soldiers and civilians on both sides reveal the intricate complexities inherent in warfare—showcasing facets of the human experience that extend far beyond mere historical footnotes.

As we engage with narratives born out of such fundamental conflicts, it is essential to recognize that the echoes of those events resonate throughout our present lives, shaping societal values, notions of justice, and our understanding of the sacrifices made in the name of national identity. The journey to reconcile these stories compels us to aspire for a future not defined by the repetition of history but informed by the lessons extracted from it.

Key Phrases:

1. **Mexican-American War** - This war significantly impacted territorial and cultural landscapes in North America. For further reading, see this overview of the war from [U.S. History](https://www.ushistory.org/us/29.asp).

2. **Manifest Destiny** - The ideology that justified American expansionism, often at the cost of other nations. For an analysis of this concept, check out [ThoughtCo. on Manifest Destiny](https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-manifest-destiny-104613).

3. **Human costs of war** - A consideration of the toll that violence takes on societies, beyond military losses. Explore the effects of war on civilian populations in this study from [The Lancet](https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)30913-3/fulltext).

4. **Wartime atrocities** - Acts of violence against civilians and unarmed individuals during conflict. For more on this subject, consult the report from [Human Rights Watch](https://www.hrw.org/publications).

5. **American exceptionalism** - The belief that the United States is inherently different from other nations, influencing its foreign policy. Read about this complex topic in the article at [Foreign Affairs](https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/2018-01-02/american-exceptionalism-and-american-foreign-policy).

6. **Accountability in military leadership** - The complexities of upholding justice and order in the aftermath of conflict. For insights into military accountability, visit [The Geneva Academy](https://www.geneva-academy.ch).

7. **Scavengers in war contexts** - The symbolic and literal implications of bodies remaining exposed in war. To understand the historical context, read "Bodies in War" from [MIT Press](https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/bodies-war).

8. **Cultural memory of war** - The role of memory in shaping societal understanding of historical conflicts. For deeper exploration, see [The International Encyclopedia of Communication](https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781405186414.wbiecm070).

9. **Socio-political implications of historical violence** - How past conflicts can continue to shape identity and politics. For further exploration, visit the article on historical memory from [The Guardian](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jul/12/history-memory).

10. **Echoes of violence** - The lasting impacts of historical violence on contemporary society. For insights, check the article from [Social Justice Journal](https://www.socialjusticejournal.org).

**Citation**: The Californian
- LATE FROM MONTEREY., 1847-10-27
https://cdnc.ucr.edu/ University of California Riverside Digital Newspaper Archive

Original Article:

The schooner Heroine arrived at New Orleans, on Thursday, from the Brazos. The Delta contains a, letter dated Monterey, April 4, from which we made the following extracts: Three days ago the alcalde and priest of a small town some twenty miles distant, on the road to China, came in in and reported to General Taylor the murder of 24 Mexicans, at Gualopa, a small rancho about six miles from Ramus. The murder was committed, they say, by a party of Americans, numbering about 20, and was done in the night. The murdered men were first made prisoners, tied, and afterwards all shot through their heads. The murder is said to have been committed on the 28 ult.— On that night a train of loaded wagons, escorted by 200 infantry, and about the same number of horse under the command of Colonel Mitchell, of the 1st Ohio regiment, encamped at Marin, which is about five miles from the scene of the murder. The mounted men were composed of the United States dragoons and Texas rangers, under the command of Captain Graham, of the 2d dragoons - Suspicion rests upon some part of this corps, though no clue has as yet been found to discover the guilty. The officers in command— gentlemen and rigid disciplinarians - are using every means in their power to investigate the matter. Gen. Taylor has got his steam up on the subject, and is determined to have hung every one who it can be proved, has taken part in the murder. The town where these men were killed is but a few miles from the place where she large train was captured and so many wagoners massacred on the 22d of February. Some 15 or 20 of the wagoners who escaped from that massacre came up in the last train, yet there is no evidence that they were engaged in the Gualopa murder. I passed over the place of the massacre of the 22d of February a few days ago, and the scene is truly the most horrid and revolting that I have ever witnessed. The remains of the murdered men, yet unburied, stripped of every particle of clothing, lay upon the plains, their flesh devoured by Mexican wolves and buzzards, and their bones bleached in tho sun. The train was a very large and valuable one, and streatched out from three to four miles in length. The attack was made upon the escort, who were in the advance, by a large body of lancers. The escort, forty men, under Lieutenant Barbour of the Kentucky Legion, were all taken prisoners, and are now in the possessin of Urrea. The lancers charged down the train, and lanced without mercy the waggoners as they ran for their lives to the chapparal. More than three-fourths of them, it is thought, were killed — and their bodies shockingly mutilated and disfigured. Those who passed the scene a few days after say that some had their hearts cut out and suspended upon the bushes, or thrust into their mouths. The eyes of others were dug from their sockets and inserted in the wounds made in other parts of their bodies ; and other mutilations were performed that would make even a North American savage blush to look at. Yet these were committed by General Urrea's men—the regular soldiers of the Mexican army ! Urrea, by last accounts, was at Linaries, expecting reinforcements. It is rumored that he has four pieces of artillery with him. Marin, Cerralvo, Mier, and China, will all be garrisoned by our troops, which will render our communication with Camargo entirely safe. The troops here are in excellent health and condition.

 

The article reports a devastating fire that destroyed fifty buildings in the town, causing significant property loss. The fire originated in a building used by the Sons of Temperance, spreading rapidly and consuming everything in its path. The estimated losses in buildings and property exceed $100,000. The article also discusses the need for bringing water to the mining areas surrounding the town to increase mining efficiency and profitability. The town has been lively with election activities and concerts, and a grand ball is planned for the future.

Fire, and a Society on Edge

The article titled "B2A8TA C0TO7Y ZLXCTIOX COMPLETE RETURNS" provides a vivid account of a devastating fire that ravaged a town, specifically detailing the extent of property loss and the community's response. The historical context of this article, which appears to be from the 19th century, is crucial for understanding the challenges faced by towns during this period, including the vulnerability to fires due to the flammable nature of building materials and the absence of modern firefighting techniques.

One striking feature of the article is its dramatic language, exemplified in the sentence, “the cry of fire was heard, and fell upon the startled ear with the appalling effect of a thunderbolt." This phrase encapsulates the panic and terror that such disasters invoked in small communities, where news could spread quickly, heightening fear and urgency.

The scale of the devastation is significant, with the article noting "a great loss of property" and estimating "the loss in buildings exceed $100,000," which underscores the economic impact on the community. During the 19th century, especially in growing towns undergoing rapid development, such losses could decimate local economies, leading to long-lasting effects on livelihoods and local infrastructure.

Moreover, the article provides a detailed inventory of the losses sustained by various businesses and properties, giving readers a tangible sense of the community's landscape before the fire. It states, “Among them are Barri* A Johnson's carpenters' shop—loss $6,000; Trufant’s carpenter shop, $1,000,” which highlights not only the specific impacts on individual businesses but also the interdependence of local economies.

The mention of the fire's origin in a building associated with the Society of the Sons of Temperance is particularly telling. It raises questions about the societal structures in place during that time. The Sons of Temperance was a social movement aimed at promoting sobriety and reducing the use of alcohol, reflecting broader temperance movements in the United States during the 19th century. This suggests a complex layer of social interaction; organizations that sought to strengthen community resilience could unfortunately also become sites of catastrophe.

Furthermore, the article concludes with a reflection on the town's social life, noting that despite the fire, there would still be efforts to bring the community together, as indicated by the reference to an upcoming ball. This resilience is encapsulated in the hope expressed: “Our paper had not been struck off, as we were waiting for Election Returns. We issue our paper in the open air, but trust in a few days to have a roof over our heads.” This sentiment speaks to the human capacity for recovery and the continuity of community life even in the face of disaster.

In examining this article, we gain insight not only into the specific events surrounding a catastrophic fire but also into the broader social, economic, and emotional landscapes of the time. The tone of urgency and despair, layered with a sense of community solidarity and hope, paints a rich picture of life during this era.

The Great Calamity: Reflections on the 1847 Fire in California

While 1847 marked a significant turning point in California's journey toward statehood, it was also a year underscored by a harrowing event that laid bare the fragility of life and commerce in these burgeoning communities. An article titled "B2A8TA C0TO7Y ZLXCTIOX COMPLETE RETURNS" from *The Californian* takes us back to that fateful day, offering a chilling account of a catastrophic fire that swept through a town, leaving a path of destruction in its wake. In this blog post, we'll unpack the events depicted in the article, situate them within the broader historical narrative of mid-19th century California, and explore the lasting impacts of such calamities on community identity and resilience.

The Fire’s Path of Destruction

The narrative begins with an urgency that captures the reader's attention: “the cry of fire was heard, and fell upon the startled ear with the appalling effect of a thunderbolt.” This vivid metaphor not only conveys the suddenness of the disaster but also echoes the societal anxieties that plagued communities dominated by wooden structures. As the Gold Rush drew people in droves to California, the region became increasingly vulnerable to these catastrophic events.

The fire first erupted in a building owned by Mr. Ward, which served as a gathering space for the Society of Sons of Temperance. This detail illustrates that even amidst tragedy, social gatherings remained central to community life. Yet, the loss was immense, as flames consumed “fifty buildings,” leading to an estimated property loss exceeding $100,000—a staggering figure for a settlement struggling with rapid growth and economic instability.

Furthermore, the article paints a poignant picture of the loss: from bakeries to law offices, even a local saloon fell victim to the blaze. Such details reveal more than just mere structures; they expose the very fabric of the economy that these businesses represented. The destruction wasn't merely physical; it shattered livelihoods, severed local ties, and fractured the community's cohesion.

The Fire in Context: A Society on Edge

To understand the fire's significance, we must consider the tumultuous backdrop of 1840s California. This era was characterized by exploration and rapid settlement, driven by the surging Gold Rush population. As life unfolded in this dynamic setting, the risk of disasters loomed large. The article notes the “combustible nature and structure of the buildings,” suggesting that once a fire ignited, containment was almost impossible.

This fear of fire wasn’t unique to California; numerous fledgling towns across America grappled with similar anxieties. The predominance of wooden buildings, built without regulatory oversight and fire safety measures, left many settlements perilously exposed. Coupled with the Gold Rush's transient populations and diverse cultural practices, these conditions exacerbated their vulnerabilities and ignited fears that would linger long after the flames were extinguished.

 Loss and Community Resilience

In the fire’s aftermath, devastation engulfed the town. Yet, amidst the chaos, there were small flickers of hope. The article highlights that “most of the type were saved” in the printing press of *The Californian*, marking a modest victory for the community. The resilience demonstrated in the press’s ability to continue operation symbolized tenacity, even as townsfolk mourned their losses. The collective dread of fire had long haunted them—a sentiment encapsulated in the article’s reflection that “the dread of fire has always been a prominent subject in the thoughts of all.”

This ongoing apprehension can be traced through the evolution of American communities, where events like the 1847 fire evoke feelings of vulnerability that shape local identities and narratives. Survival stories often emerge as communities unite in grief, reinforcing their social fabric amid adversity.

Economic Ramifications and Reconstruction Efforts

The financial toll of the fire was staggering, with losses exceeding $100,000. The article meticulously catalogs the individual losses experienced by local businesses, including a carpenter's shop and a clothing store, implicitly calling for a united community response. This collective spirit, especially strong in times of crisis, reflects the profound need for solidarity in the wake of disaster.

Such trials typically sparked re-evaluation of safety standards and emergency preparedness across the United States. While the fires often served as catalysts for change, they simultaneously reinforced community identities. In this context, the calamity of 1847 laid the groundwork for a collective mobilization, as citizens banded together to rebuild, fortifying the very foundations of their emerging society.

The Role of Media in Shaping Community Response

In this narrative, the role of local media emerges as pivotal. The article illustrates how newspapers like *The Californian* became vital platforms for communication, shaping public discourse and fostering collective sentiment. By detailing the fire’s devastation and the consequent losses, these outlets galvanized community action.

The preservation of the newspaper's printing press, “in the open air,” symbolizes not only resilience but also continuity and hope. Such moments reaffirm the essential role of media in framing community identity amid adversity, sustaining connections even when calamity strikes.

 A Look Back at Lessons Learned

As we reflect on the fire of 1847, we must acknowledge its far-reaching consequences and consider the lessons it extends into our contemporary world. Today, natural disasters continue to evoke a similar sense of vulnerability, reminding us that while we have made strides in building regulations and emergency preparedness, the underlying societal dynamics of vulnerability and resilience endure.

Disaster responses serve as microcosms of societal values—our collective determination to rebuild, support one another, and confront vulnerability underscores the essence of human resilience. While history informs our present actions, it remains crucial that we learn and adapt to face future challenges effectively.

 Conclusion

The fire chronicled in *The Californian* serves as a poignant reminder of the trials encountered by early Californian settlers and their efforts to build a vibrant community from the ground up. Through this historical lens, we discern themes of resilience, vulnerability, and communal identity—elements that are deeply woven into the fabric of human society.

As we forge ahead, honoring the lessons of the past equips us to navigate future adversities with a collective spirit. By acknowledging the struggles of those who came before us, we pave the way for stronger, more united communities, ready to confront life’s inevitable challenges. The history of such calamities not only informs our present but also guides us toward a future where resilience and solidarity can thrive.

Key Phrases:

1. **"The Great Calamity: Reflections on the 1847 Fire in California"** - This reflects on the historical significance of the 1847 fire and its impacts on California communities. For further research, see this article on the historical context of California's Gold Rush period from [History.com](https://www.history.com/topics/westward-expansion/gold-rush).

2. **"path of destruction"** - This phrase highlights the devastation caused by fires in rapidly growing communities during the Gold Rush. For more on the impact of fires in 19th-century America, refer to this article from the [National Park Service](https://www.nps.gov/articles/fires-in-the-19th-century.htm).

3. **"societal anxieties that plagued communities dominated by wooden structures"** - This phrase discusses the vulnerabilities of wooden structures in towns. For further reading on fire safety in historical contexts, see this research paper on fire risks from the [International Journal of Fire Science and Engineering](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360132317304721).

4. **"economic instability"** - The phrase touches on the economic challenges faced by burgeoning settlements. For insight into economic impacts of natural disasters, check this article from [The World Bank](https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/disasterriskmanagement/overview#2).

5. **"community identity and resilience"** - This concept emphasizes how tragedies shape collective identities. For further exploration of resilience in communities, refer to this book chapter on community resilience from [SAGE Publications](https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/community-resilience/cy).

6. **"contemporary world"** - This phrase invites a discussion on how lessons from the past apply today. For a comparison of historical and contemporary disaster responses, see this analysis in [The Journal of Community Safety and Well-Being](https://journalcswb.ca/index.php/cswb/article/view/23).

7. **"role of media in shaping community response"** - This highlights the significance of local media during crises. For more on the role of media in disaster communication, see this research from [The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies](https://www.ifrc.org/).

8. **"lessons learned"** - This phrase underscores the importance of historical lessons for future preparedness. For insights into learning from past disasters, refer to this historical overview from [FEMA](https://www.fema.gov/media-library-data/1507779301669-94b2be57fbb7b20f7d32106bac9f60c4/Disasters_and_the_Environment.pdf).

**Citation**: The Californian
- B2A8TA C0TO7Y ZLXCTIOX COMPLETE RETURNS., 1855-09-08
https://cdnc.ucr.edu/ University of California Riverside Digital Newspaper Archive


Original Article:

One hundred and eeventy-eight majority for the American Ticket TUJCUDons cornjLQiATitti 11 GREAT LOSS OP PROPERTY 111 FIFTY BUILDINGS BURNT ENTIRELY TO THE GROUND!!! That which ha* been looked for and so long dreaded by many of our citizen*, has at length befallen us. Thf awful calamity—the devastating effect* of fire—ha* laid in a*he* a great portion of our town. The large portion of the town liar in ruin*—in a*he*. At the hour of 11 o'clock on Friday night the cry of fire was heard, and fell upon the startled ear with the appalling effect of a thunderbolt. The combustible nature and structure of ine building* of which moat of the town ia composed, rendered it, a* a matter of course, a physical impossibility to stay the progress of such an all-devouring element, once commenced —hence with the citisens of our town, the dread of fire ha* always been a prominent subject in the thought* of all. The fire originat' d in a building owned by Mr. Ward, carpenter, and used by the Society of the Son* of Temperance for their meetings. A meeting had been held during the evening. The fire commenced on the east lide of Conrt st., and spread with rapidity to the adloining buildings, consuming’ everything. We give a number of the names of such as have suffered in the calamity. The fire extended on both sides of the street—on the east as far as the building owned and occupied by Mr. Hovey. Among them are Barri* A Johnson's carpenters’ *hop—lo*8 $6,000 ; Trufant’* carpenter shop, $1,000 ; Ward’* dwelling h use and carpent-ra’ !>hop. tl 0>0; Hall of the Bon* of Temperance, a large building owned by Ward A Co., $3,000 ; United States Bakery building, $1,000; the building owned and occupied by Mr. Howe, including the office of the “ Democrat” and Upton's law office and Dr. Hayward a. The press and-most of the type were saved—loss estimated $6,000 a building occupied bv Chinese, loss $700; Pacific Express Company’s Office, owned by E. A. Rowe, $4,000; Dungey’s butchering shop, $1,000; New Orleans Saloon, $6,000; Harris’ Clothing Store, $2,600; Karnes’ shoemakers’ shop, $1,600 ; building occupied bv Chinese, $700; here the fire was checked by the brick buildings. N ore rose s Daguerreon building, occupied by Mr. Norcron as a Daguerr> an Gallery, including Dr. Cushing’s (Jffire, $2,600; Crowley’s dwelling house, »»i500 ; Court st lotel, $2,000 ; all the build» Q g* 0 n the t. • sidt «f Cour** st—Union Losei,»6000, Cl ..se hotN., $1,000; ingler’s Blacksnf u’s shop, $2,000; H. Hooker, $10,000 , Loomis A Ca’s butchering shop, $1,500 ; Woolfe A Co.'s Clothing Store, $6,000; a Store, $2,600 ; here the fire was oh<- Wd as on the other side, by tbe brick building ou tbe corner of Mam st. In the enumeration of tbe buildings we have merely given a rough and hasty estimate. In most instance* all the property, inoiuding goods, wares and merchandise, tool* and stock in trade, is a total loss, whirl, we have not estimated Tbe loa* in buildings exceed $100,000 ; tbe loa in property will amount to $100,000 and upward. The Tkiitity Tiaas Office wa* destroyed by the flumes, but owing to the exertions of our friend* ws saved our press, (lightly daiimged, together with the greater portion of nor material. Our paper had not twen struck off, a* we were waiting for Election Returns. We issue our paper in tbe open air. but trust In a few day* to have a roof •v<*r out heads. The Pacific Exprsa Offlw ha* removed ta Barry A Co. '* Drug Store, Main st. C*i*»*M»4»» r « (r«a IM|*v*oe can be constructed from the East >'wk of Trinity that would bring an inexhaustible supply of water; and from tbe "tatisties of different parties the entire ylgthis not mors than twelve miles. Now, uis is a work that would realise to the undertakers a handsome profit for their capital or labor, and at tbe same time would cause this portion of the coanty to be one cf the first mining districts in the connty. The miners that have water to work have done exceedingly well this last week, aver aging from $10 to $26 a day. Some companies on Mole Crock have struck good diggings. and there are many other craeki that would pay equally well if there wus water to work thorn. Oor town has been quite lively this last few days. What, with candidates election tioneomng and sundry concerts, wo hart ■mi seen the like since last winter. We are going to have • giaod Ball ao the 4th. If there would be time 1 would Uke to give you a drecnaaoa, bat H will hs