The article discusses the two classes of people in California - those with property who support the change of government and maintain neutrality, and those who are reckless and prone to joining parties for plunder or riot. It calls for authorities to protect the peaceful citizens and not to punish the innocent along with the guilty, emphasizing the need for leniency, humanity, and civilization in times of war.
A Reflection on Civil Society Amidst Turmoil
The article titled "THE CALIFORNIANS" offers a perspective on the sociopolitical environment in California during a transitional period, presumably around the time of the American annexation of California following the Mexican-American War (1846-1848). This text is significant for its nuanced classification of the local population into two distinct classes: the property-owning Mexican subjects who recognize the potential benefits of American governance, and the “depraved characters” who are depicted as reckless and more aligned with chaos and potential violence.
The author delineates these classes within the context of American authority taking root in California, noting that “all those persons whom we have distinguished as belonging to the first class of Mexican subjects in California…have maintained a strict neutrality.” This “strict neutrality” is pivotal for understanding the tensions of the era. Many Californian residents may have been caught between loyalty to their Mexican heritage and the encroaching American governance, creating a complex socio-political landscape. The article suggests that rather than encouraging the participation of these "well-behaved citizens" in favor of the new administration, the American forces were often indifferent or punitive.
Furthermore, the author calls for “lenity and discrimination” from the new authorities, arguing that the beneficial citizens should be treated with respect and care, as “the good and peaceable citizen is too often the man who suffers.” This appeals to a broader humanitarian ethos, positioning the treatment of the local population within the framework of Christian morality and civilized conduct. The juxtaposition of innocent civilians suffering due to the actions of a few unruly individuals highlights the precariousness of law and order during this period of upheaval.
Interestingly, the author also critiques the American forces for what they perceive as a barbaric tendency to “confound the guilty with the innocent,” arguing that such practices are symptomatic of a savage approach, detrimental to the civilizing mission purportedly at the heart of American expansion. This argument echoes prevailing debates regarding the ethics of war and the responsibility of sovereign powers to uphold humane treatment during conflict, as when the author calls for “the duty of all civilized nations, when at war, to temper the rigors of that war.”
Additionally, the description of the second class—those who “having nothing at present to lose are wreckless of the future”—invokes the image of a marginalized group resistant to the changes imposed by American governance, which would have alienated many laborers and lower-class citizens from their societal roles. The difference in lifestyle between both classes is laid bare when the author observes that these individuals “prefer sleeping under a tree to sleeping in a house,” which symbolizes a disconnect from the burgeoning American values of property and domesticity.
In conclusion, the article serves as a critique of both the American military conduct in California and the prevailing attitudes towards the Mexican population at a time of significant transition. It articulates the need for empathy and moral judgment in dealing with local populations, reflecting on broader themes of civility in war, justice for the innocent, and the implications of cultural integration during periods of conflict. The text allows us a window into the complex identities and relationships that framed California's history in the mid-19th century.
In the late 1840s, California stood on the brink of monumental change. As the United States expanded its territory, the state's social fabric — a vibrant tapestry of indigenous peoples, Mexicans, and American settlers — was being radically altered. Among the voices captured in the early Californian press, an article titled "The Californians" offers a nuanced examination of the dualities present within this diverse populace during a time of political upheaval.
This analysis delves into the societal divisions articulated in the article, juxtaposing them against the historical backdrop of the Mexican-American War and the discovery of gold in 1848. Moreover, it invites us to consider how these historical echoes resonate with contemporary social issues we face today.
At the heart of the article lies a compelling division of the Californian populace into two distinct classes, shaped by the prevailing political climate: the property-owning citizens and those devoid of assets. The former, aspiring to seize the "great benefits which must result to them on a permanent change of government," viewed the advent of American governance as a potential promise of economic stability, land rights, and renewed opportunities. For this class, navigating the complexities of an evolving socio-political landscape became a delicate dance, fraught with both hope and apprehension.
In stark contrast, the latter group was characterized as "depraved characters," those with "nothing at present to lose." Indifferent to governmental changes, their recklessness left them susceptible to factions driven by plunder and disorder — a chaotic dynamic typical of periods marked by civil instability. This observation highlights a timeless truth: disenfranchisement breeds volatility, as those without stakes in society are often quick to align themselves with destructive forces.
This bifurcation of society during upheaval encapsulates broader themes of human behavior. The instinct of self-preservation, the allure of community affiliation, and the quest for individual agency rise to prominence when systems of order erode. Remarkably, such divisions are not unique to 19th-century California; they echo across the annals of history, manifesting in myriad conflicts through time.
One of the article's most poignant arguments advocates for leniency towards neutral property owners. The author urges American authorities to acknowledge that these individuals have “with very few exceptions... behaved themselves in a manner that deserves a great deal of lenity and discrimination.” The call for a legal framework distinguishing between the innocent and the guilty speaks volumes, asserting that “it is better that ten criminals should escape punishment than that one innocent man should suffer.”
This sentiment resonates deeply with the foundational principles of justice and human rights that underpin modern democracy. Throughout history, the struggle to uphold the rights of the innocent during times of conflict has been consistent. The transition from focusing on war crimes to prioritizing civilian protection underscores a central tenet of modern warfare ethics: preserving non-combatants must always be paramount.
Such appeals for humanity encapsulate a profound civil responsibility each regime bears in times of turmoil. From historical treatment of civilians in wartime Europe to the ongoing humanitarian crises in various parts of the world today, the principle that innocent lives should not be sacrificed for the misdeeds of others remains vital.
To appreciate the dynamics described in "The Californians," one must grasp the transformative milieu of the 1840s. The signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848 ended the Mexican-American War, ceding vast territories, including California, to the United States. This influx of settlers, many seeking fortune in the Gold Rush, exacerbated existing tensions and dramatically altered the state's demographic and socio-economic landscapes.
The allure of land and wealth stimulated an expansion of American ideals centered on free enterprise and property ownership, fostering a mindset that became characteristic of incoming settlers. Yet, as new arrivals sought order, the governmental apparatus often imposed authority over increasingly fraught inter-group relations, disregarding the grievances of those who had long inhabited the land.
For the Mexican population and Indigenous peoples, the arrival of American settlers signified not only economic upheaval but also a barrage of political challenges. The promise of land grants motivated many, but it often came at an unarticulated cost to the original communities, rendering them marginalized and dispossessed in the land they once called home.
The framing of communities within California as presented in the article underscores the pivotal role of journalism in shaping societal narratives during turbulent times. Publications like "The Californian" served not only as news sources but also as platforms for discussions about public safety, civil rights, and community welfare. The editorial exuded a strong sentiment toward preserving societal order while promoting empathy — an ethos that illustrates media’s potential to foster constructive dialogues capable of influencing governance.
Importantly, during periods of societal upheaval, journalism can oscillate between serving as a stabilizing force and a catalyst for conflict. This dichotomy has historical precedent — from propaganda-driven narratives during wartime that dehumanize the "other," to advocacy journalism that championed human rights and civil liberties.
Reflecting on "The Californians" reveals valuable lessons regarding social stratification and the inherent responsibilities of governance. The appeal for discernment in treatment of the innocent and just treatment of the wronged resonates profoundly in today's socio-political landscape, where issues of marginalization persist.
In contemporary society, we observe echoes of the classes delineated in the article. Economic instability often spurs the rise of radical factions that thrive amidst chaos. The apathy of the disenfranchised toward governance structures reverberates through urban centers where inequality starkly reveals itself. Moreover, as history serves as our guide, we confront humanitarian crises worldwide that mirror the paradigms experienced in mid-19th century California.
Additionally, the fragility of neutrality in divided societies continues to challenge our political landscapes. A governing body’s commitment to justice must coexist with the responsibility to foster spaces for dissent. This delicate balance mirrors the ongoing struggle for authorities grappling with how to maintain order while accommodating the complexities of human expression.
A critical takeaway from the article is the essential duty of those in power to protect individuals and communities: “they should be protected in person and property, to the utmost of the power of those persons who are placed in authority over them.” This guiding principle resonates profoundly in contemporary discussions surrounding social justice, as governments worldwide strive to reconcile their responsibilities to uphold law and order with their intrinsic duty to safeguard human dignity.
The urgent need for governing bodies to engage with their communities — particularly marginalized ones — is paramount. Insights from the article illuminate a path whereby authority should transcend mere law enforcement, evolving into a commitment to trust-building and inclusive dialogue.
As we dissect the nuanced observations presented in "The Californians," we are reminded of the intricate tapestry of society that assumes various forms during times of conflict and change. The divisions outlined in this pivotal article reflect age-old dilemmas that persist today, transcending generations and geographical boundaries.
Fundamental principles of justice, protection of the innocent, and the delicate balance of authority resonate through the ages, beckoning contemporary societies to engage with these issues urgently. Through reflection on the past, we recognize that historical struggles inform our present-day decisions and responsibilities. As history unfolds, let us aspire to build a society that embodies empathy, protects the innocent from injustice, and remains steadfast in its commitment to the welfare of all its citizens.
In remembering the complexities of our past, we cultivate a deeper understanding of humanity; perhaps, within that understanding lies our path forward into a more equitable future.
1. **California in the late 1840s** - This period was marked by significant transformations due to the Mexican-American War and the Gold Rush. For further reading, see this overview of [California Gold Rush History](https://www.history.com/topics/westward-expansion/gold-rush).
2. **The Mexican-American War** - Understanding the geopolitical implications and aftermath of this war is crucial. For a comprehensive review, check out the [American Memory Project](https://www.loc.gov/collections/mexican-american-war-1846-1848/articles-and-essays).
3. **Social Stratification** - The concept of class differences in California during this time sheds light on broader societal issues. You can explore this topic in more depth in the article on [Social Stratification](https://www.britannica.com/topic/social-stratification).
4. **Role of Journalism in Society** - The impact of media on public opinion and society's structure during times of upheaval is vital to understand. Read more about journalism's role in democracy at the [Pew Research Center](https://www.pewresearch.org/journalism/).
5. **Neutrality and Civil Rights** - The appeal for leniency towards neutral parties during conflicts offers insights into civil rights. For more on civil rights history in America, view the [United States History Civil Rights Overview](https://www.history.com/topics/civil-rights-movement).
6. **Indigenous Peoples in California** - The marginalization of native populations during California's expansion warrants exploration. See more in the article on [California Native American History](https://www.calnative.org/).
7. **Humanitarian Crises and Civil Responsibility** - Understanding the principles of moral responsibility during conflicts is essential. For an overview of modern humanitarian crises, visit [Human Rights Watch](https://www.hrw.org/).
8. **Political Upheaval and Governance** - The complexities of governance during turbulent times remains relevant. For insights into governance challenges, see the [World Bank's Governance Overview](https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/governance).
9. **Disenfranchisement and Volatility** - Exploring the link between disenfranchisement and social unrest is vital. For more information on this issue, refer to [The Social Response to Inequality](https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/poverty.html).
10. **Lessons from Historical Conflicts** - Reflecting on past societal conflicts provides valuable lessons for today. Explore how history informs modern governance at the [National Archives](https://www.archives.gov/research/guides/).
These resources will provide deeper insights into the key phrases and themes identified in the text.
**Citation**: The Californian
- THE CALIFORNIANS., 1847-01-16
https://cdnc.ucr.edu/ University of California Riverside Digital Newspaper Archive
—There are in California, amongst the natives or Mexican subjects, two different classes of persons as regards their ideas of, and their deportment in the present state of affairs. The first of these classes are those who are in possession of a considerable amount of property, and have a just idea of the great benefits which must result to them on a permanent change of government taking place. The second class consists of all those very depraved characters, who having nothing at present to lose are wreckless of the future, and are always ready at any moment to join any party that may be got up, either for the purpose of plunder or mere riot. We could wish in some measure, to call the attention of the authorities of the United States, now in possession of California to the first class of people here mentioned. It is now six months since the American Flag has been hoisted in California, and we have had every opportunity of observing that all those persons whom we have distinguished as belonging to the first class of Mexican subjects in California, have with very few exceptions, maintained a strict neutrality, and have behaved themselves in a manner that deserves a great deal of lenity and discrimination, on the part of the persons in command, on the different stations; but we regret to see, that the good and peaceable citizen is too often the man who suffers; while he ought to be treated with forbearance—humanity and civilization require that such discrimination should be made; and christianity teaches us that it is better that ten criminals should escape punishment, than that one innocent man should suffer. The act of confounding the guilty with the innocent, belongs only to the most barbarous tribes, and certainly it grieves us to the very hearts core, to have our country depart in this particular from the principles of civilized nations. That for the most part the people here spoken of, in the first class, have not only maintained a commendable neutrality, but that their every word and action has been in favor of the cause of the United States of America is strictly true. They should not therefore be molested more than is consistent with the safety of that cause. It is our opinion, that they should be protected in person and property, to the utmost of the power of those persons who are placed in authority over them. The second class of people here spoken of, as we said before, have nothing to lose, they suffer nothing, they are brought up from their infancy in the camp, and it is well known that even when travelling for pleasure, or away from home on any frivilous pretext, that they prefer sleeping under a tree to sleeping in a house, and as long as they can get a string of fat beef to roast on the hot coals of a camp fire, they are better satisfied, than they would be sitting at a table with every luxury in the world placed before them. The world is now far advanced in civilization, and it is the duty of all civilized nations, when at war, to temper the rigors of that war, on each side as far as is consistent with the object contended for, by either party, and not to enhance those rigors without the most urgent necessity. ——————
The author delineates these classes within the context of American authority taking root in California, noting that “all those persons whom we have distinguished as belonging to the first class of Mexican subjects in California…have maintained a strict neutrality.” This “strict neutrality” is pivotal for understanding the tensions of the era. Many Californian residents may have been caught between loyalty to their Mexican heritage and the encroaching American governance, creating a complex socio-political landscape. The article suggests that rather than encouraging the participation of these "well-behaved citizens" in favor of the new administration, the American forces were often indifferent or punitive.
Furthermore, the author calls for “lenity and discrimination” from the new authorities, arguing that the beneficial citizens should be treated with respect and care, as “the good and peaceable citizen is too often the man who suffers.” This appeals to a broader humanitarian ethos, positioning the treatment of the local population within the framework of Christian morality and civilized conduct. The juxtaposition of innocent civilians suffering due to the actions of a few unruly individuals highlights the precariousness of law and order during this period of upheaval.
Interestingly, the author also critiques the American forces for what they perceive as a barbaric tendency to “confound the guilty with the innocent,” arguing that such practices are symptomatic of a savage approach, detrimental to the civilizing mission purportedly at the heart of American expansion. This argument echoes prevailing debates regarding the ethics of war and the responsibility of sovereign powers to uphold humane treatment during conflict, as when the author calls for “the duty of all civilized nations, when at war, to temper the rigors of that war.”
Additionally, the description of the second class—those who “having nothing at present to lose are wreckless of the future”—invokes the image of a marginalized group resistant to the changes imposed by American governance, which would have alienated many laborers and lower-class citizens from their societal roles. The difference in lifestyle between both classes is laid bare when the author observes that these individuals “prefer sleeping under a tree to sleeping in a house,” which symbolizes a disconnect from the burgeoning American values of property and domesticity.
In conclusion, the article serves as a critique of both the American military conduct in California and the prevailing attitudes towards the Mexican population at a time of significant transition. It articulates the need for empathy and moral judgment in dealing with local populations, reflecting on broader themes of civility in war, justice for the innocent, and the implications of cultural integration during periods of conflict. The text allows us a window into the complex identities and relationships that framed California's history in the mid-19th century.
The Californians: A Reflection on Civil Society Amidst Turmoil
In the late 1840s, California stood on the brink of monumental change. As the United States expanded its territory, the state's social fabric — a vibrant tapestry of indigenous peoples, Mexicans, and American settlers — was being radically altered. Among the voices captured in the early Californian press, an article titled "The Californians" offers a nuanced examination of the dualities present within this diverse populace during a time of political upheaval.
This analysis delves into the societal divisions articulated in the article, juxtaposing them against the historical backdrop of the Mexican-American War and the discovery of gold in 1848. Moreover, it invites us to consider how these historical echoes resonate with contemporary social issues we face today.
The Two Classes: Echoes of Conflict
At the heart of the article lies a compelling division of the Californian populace into two distinct classes, shaped by the prevailing political climate: the property-owning citizens and those devoid of assets. The former, aspiring to seize the "great benefits which must result to them on a permanent change of government," viewed the advent of American governance as a potential promise of economic stability, land rights, and renewed opportunities. For this class, navigating the complexities of an evolving socio-political landscape became a delicate dance, fraught with both hope and apprehension.
In stark contrast, the latter group was characterized as "depraved characters," those with "nothing at present to lose." Indifferent to governmental changes, their recklessness left them susceptible to factions driven by plunder and disorder — a chaotic dynamic typical of periods marked by civil instability. This observation highlights a timeless truth: disenfranchisement breeds volatility, as those without stakes in society are often quick to align themselves with destructive forces.
This bifurcation of society during upheaval encapsulates broader themes of human behavior. The instinct of self-preservation, the allure of community affiliation, and the quest for individual agency rise to prominence when systems of order erode. Remarkably, such divisions are not unique to 19th-century California; they echo across the annals of history, manifesting in myriad conflicts through time.
Neutrality and the Press: A Call for Leniency
One of the article's most poignant arguments advocates for leniency towards neutral property owners. The author urges American authorities to acknowledge that these individuals have “with very few exceptions... behaved themselves in a manner that deserves a great deal of lenity and discrimination.” The call for a legal framework distinguishing between the innocent and the guilty speaks volumes, asserting that “it is better that ten criminals should escape punishment than that one innocent man should suffer.”
This sentiment resonates deeply with the foundational principles of justice and human rights that underpin modern democracy. Throughout history, the struggle to uphold the rights of the innocent during times of conflict has been consistent. The transition from focusing on war crimes to prioritizing civilian protection underscores a central tenet of modern warfare ethics: preserving non-combatants must always be paramount.
Such appeals for humanity encapsulate a profound civil responsibility each regime bears in times of turmoil. From historical treatment of civilians in wartime Europe to the ongoing humanitarian crises in various parts of the world today, the principle that innocent lives should not be sacrificed for the misdeeds of others remains vital.
Historical Context: California’s Volatile Evolution
To appreciate the dynamics described in "The Californians," one must grasp the transformative milieu of the 1840s. The signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848 ended the Mexican-American War, ceding vast territories, including California, to the United States. This influx of settlers, many seeking fortune in the Gold Rush, exacerbated existing tensions and dramatically altered the state's demographic and socio-economic landscapes.
The allure of land and wealth stimulated an expansion of American ideals centered on free enterprise and property ownership, fostering a mindset that became characteristic of incoming settlers. Yet, as new arrivals sought order, the governmental apparatus often imposed authority over increasingly fraught inter-group relations, disregarding the grievances of those who had long inhabited the land.
For the Mexican population and Indigenous peoples, the arrival of American settlers signified not only economic upheaval but also a barrage of political challenges. The promise of land grants motivated many, but it often came at an unarticulated cost to the original communities, rendering them marginalized and dispossessed in the land they once called home.
The Role of the Press in Shaping Public Opinion
The framing of communities within California as presented in the article underscores the pivotal role of journalism in shaping societal narratives during turbulent times. Publications like "The Californian" served not only as news sources but also as platforms for discussions about public safety, civil rights, and community welfare. The editorial exuded a strong sentiment toward preserving societal order while promoting empathy — an ethos that illustrates media’s potential to foster constructive dialogues capable of influencing governance.
Importantly, during periods of societal upheaval, journalism can oscillate between serving as a stabilizing force and a catalyst for conflict. This dichotomy has historical precedent — from propaganda-driven narratives during wartime that dehumanize the "other," to advocacy journalism that championed human rights and civil liberties.
Modern Reflections: Lessons from the Past
Reflecting on "The Californians" reveals valuable lessons regarding social stratification and the inherent responsibilities of governance. The appeal for discernment in treatment of the innocent and just treatment of the wronged resonates profoundly in today's socio-political landscape, where issues of marginalization persist.
In contemporary society, we observe echoes of the classes delineated in the article. Economic instability often spurs the rise of radical factions that thrive amidst chaos. The apathy of the disenfranchised toward governance structures reverberates through urban centers where inequality starkly reveals itself. Moreover, as history serves as our guide, we confront humanitarian crises worldwide that mirror the paradigms experienced in mid-19th century California.
Additionally, the fragility of neutrality in divided societies continues to challenge our political landscapes. A governing body’s commitment to justice must coexist with the responsibility to foster spaces for dissent. This delicate balance mirrors the ongoing struggle for authorities grappling with how to maintain order while accommodating the complexities of human expression.
Bridging the Divide: Governance and Society
A critical takeaway from the article is the essential duty of those in power to protect individuals and communities: “they should be protected in person and property, to the utmost of the power of those persons who are placed in authority over them.” This guiding principle resonates profoundly in contemporary discussions surrounding social justice, as governments worldwide strive to reconcile their responsibilities to uphold law and order with their intrinsic duty to safeguard human dignity.
The urgent need for governing bodies to engage with their communities — particularly marginalized ones — is paramount. Insights from the article illuminate a path whereby authority should transcend mere law enforcement, evolving into a commitment to trust-building and inclusive dialogue.
Conclusion: A Legacy in Learning
As we dissect the nuanced observations presented in "The Californians," we are reminded of the intricate tapestry of society that assumes various forms during times of conflict and change. The divisions outlined in this pivotal article reflect age-old dilemmas that persist today, transcending generations and geographical boundaries.
Fundamental principles of justice, protection of the innocent, and the delicate balance of authority resonate through the ages, beckoning contemporary societies to engage with these issues urgently. Through reflection on the past, we recognize that historical struggles inform our present-day decisions and responsibilities. As history unfolds, let us aspire to build a society that embodies empathy, protects the innocent from injustice, and remains steadfast in its commitment to the welfare of all its citizens.
In remembering the complexities of our past, we cultivate a deeper understanding of humanity; perhaps, within that understanding lies our path forward into a more equitable future.
Key Phrases:
1. **California in the late 1840s** - This period was marked by significant transformations due to the Mexican-American War and the Gold Rush. For further reading, see this overview of [California Gold Rush History](https://www.history.com/topics/westward-expansion/gold-rush).
2. **The Mexican-American War** - Understanding the geopolitical implications and aftermath of this war is crucial. For a comprehensive review, check out the [American Memory Project](https://www.loc.gov/collections/mexican-american-war-1846-1848/articles-and-essays).
3. **Social Stratification** - The concept of class differences in California during this time sheds light on broader societal issues. You can explore this topic in more depth in the article on [Social Stratification](https://www.britannica.com/topic/social-stratification).
4. **Role of Journalism in Society** - The impact of media on public opinion and society's structure during times of upheaval is vital to understand. Read more about journalism's role in democracy at the [Pew Research Center](https://www.pewresearch.org/journalism/).
5. **Neutrality and Civil Rights** - The appeal for leniency towards neutral parties during conflicts offers insights into civil rights. For more on civil rights history in America, view the [United States History Civil Rights Overview](https://www.history.com/topics/civil-rights-movement).
6. **Indigenous Peoples in California** - The marginalization of native populations during California's expansion warrants exploration. See more in the article on [California Native American History](https://www.calnative.org/).
7. **Humanitarian Crises and Civil Responsibility** - Understanding the principles of moral responsibility during conflicts is essential. For an overview of modern humanitarian crises, visit [Human Rights Watch](https://www.hrw.org/).
8. **Political Upheaval and Governance** - The complexities of governance during turbulent times remains relevant. For insights into governance challenges, see the [World Bank's Governance Overview](https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/governance).
9. **Disenfranchisement and Volatility** - Exploring the link between disenfranchisement and social unrest is vital. For more information on this issue, refer to [The Social Response to Inequality](https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/poverty.html).
10. **Lessons from Historical Conflicts** - Reflecting on past societal conflicts provides valuable lessons for today. Explore how history informs modern governance at the [National Archives](https://www.archives.gov/research/guides/).
These resources will provide deeper insights into the key phrases and themes identified in the text.
**Citation**: The Californian
- THE CALIFORNIANS., 1847-01-16
https://cdnc.ucr.edu/ University of California Riverside Digital Newspaper Archive
Original Article:
—There are in California, amongst the natives or Mexican subjects, two different classes of persons as regards their ideas of, and their deportment in the present state of affairs. The first of these classes are those who are in possession of a considerable amount of property, and have a just idea of the great benefits which must result to them on a permanent change of government taking place. The second class consists of all those very depraved characters, who having nothing at present to lose are wreckless of the future, and are always ready at any moment to join any party that may be got up, either for the purpose of plunder or mere riot. We could wish in some measure, to call the attention of the authorities of the United States, now in possession of California to the first class of people here mentioned. It is now six months since the American Flag has been hoisted in California, and we have had every opportunity of observing that all those persons whom we have distinguished as belonging to the first class of Mexican subjects in California, have with very few exceptions, maintained a strict neutrality, and have behaved themselves in a manner that deserves a great deal of lenity and discrimination, on the part of the persons in command, on the different stations; but we regret to see, that the good and peaceable citizen is too often the man who suffers; while he ought to be treated with forbearance—humanity and civilization require that such discrimination should be made; and christianity teaches us that it is better that ten criminals should escape punishment, than that one innocent man should suffer. The act of confounding the guilty with the innocent, belongs only to the most barbarous tribes, and certainly it grieves us to the very hearts core, to have our country depart in this particular from the principles of civilized nations. That for the most part the people here spoken of, in the first class, have not only maintained a commendable neutrality, but that their every word and action has been in favor of the cause of the United States of America is strictly true. They should not therefore be molested more than is consistent with the safety of that cause. It is our opinion, that they should be protected in person and property, to the utmost of the power of those persons who are placed in authority over them. The second class of people here spoken of, as we said before, have nothing to lose, they suffer nothing, they are brought up from their infancy in the camp, and it is well known that even when travelling for pleasure, or away from home on any frivilous pretext, that they prefer sleeping under a tree to sleeping in a house, and as long as they can get a string of fat beef to roast on the hot coals of a camp fire, they are better satisfied, than they would be sitting at a table with every luxury in the world placed before them. The world is now far advanced in civilization, and it is the duty of all civilized nations, when at war, to temper the rigors of that war, on each side as far as is consistent with the object contended for, by either party, and not to enhance those rigors without the most urgent necessity. ——————
