The article discusses the rivalry between the Mormon Press and the Californian newspaper in town, highlighting accusations and disputes between the two publications. The Californian defends itself against attacks from the Mormon Press, asserting its independence and dismissing claims made by its rival. The article also touches on typographical errors and ownership of the STAR press by the New York branch of Mormons. Ultimately, the Californian asserts its integrity and independence from sects and influences.

The Mormon Press: Context, Rivalry, and the Shaping of Journalism in 19th Century California

The article titled "THE MORMON PRESS" reflects a complex interplay between journalism and ecclesiastical power dynamics during a time of significant tension in the United States related to the rise of Mormonism. Published at a time when the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (often referred to as the LDS Church or Mormon Church) was gaining visibility and influence, this article articulates both the competitive spirit of the journalistic landscape and the factional tensions surrounding religious identities.

The author expresses frustration over what they perceive as unwarranted jealousy and disparagement directed towards their publication, the "Californian," by their rival, identified as the "STAR." They point out that the STAR's ownership by "an obscure individual" lacking "literary talent or education" should not detract from their journal’s legitimacy. The author contends that the STAR's attempts to undermine the Californian's credibility are deeply motivated by their own insecurities and "foaming jealousies." This suggests a broader context of media rivalry, where sectarian affiliations and personal vendettas often intersected with public perceptions.

The author directly addresses the claims made by their rivals regarding the operations of the Californian, stating, “It is not true that this is a ‘Committee’ press, or that the Lieutenant took or offered to take any further part, than deliver into our hands the manuscript news.” This statement indicates a desire to assert independence from any perceived manipulative influences, which was crucial for a journal seeking to establish credibility and attract readers at a time when the Mormons were frequently viewed with suspicion.

Historical context is vital here—during the mid-19th century, the national narrative often depicted Mormons as outsiders. The press played a significant role in shaping public opinion about the LDS Church, often through sensationalism and bias. The reference to a "Committee" implies that the author perceives their opponents attempting to link the Californian to hidden influences that might question its integrity. In fact, the author’s assertion that “misery makes great effort to find company” encapsulates a broader critique of their rivals, accusing them of failing to acknowledge their own shortcomings and resorting to baseless accusations.

Additionally, the article highlights the author’s conviction of superiority over the STAR by proclaiming, “A file of their paper in connection with an acquaintance with the persons and facts is all that is necessary to prove it.” Here, the author underscores the importance of actual reporting and fact-checking in an era when sensationalism could easily distort the truth. They dismiss the STAR's criticisms as "ungentlemanly tirade," implying that personal attacks rather than substantive critique diminish the rival's journalistic credibility.

Furthermore, the article closes with a potent statement: “If praise of self would invariably pass for a respectable reputation, then we would judge that the COIN of the STAR would be something above par.” This metaphor of currency acts as a rhetorical device to question the authenticity of the STAR’s self-promotion, reinforcing the notion that reputation is built upon more than self-praise—it’s earned through integrity, independence, and factual reporting.

In conclusion, the "Mormon Press" article provides critical insights into the competitive dynamics of the press in the mid-19th century, particularly regarding the intersection of journalism and religion. It serves as a historical document reflecting both the local media landscape of the time and the specific challenges faced by the Mormon community as they struggled to assert their narratives in a contentious environment. The sentiments expressed in the article resonate with themes of independence, credibility, and the persistent struggles against prejudice, making it a significant piece worthy of further examination within the broader context of American religious history.

 The Mormon Press: Context, Rivalry, and the Shaping of Journalism in 19th Century California

The mid-19th century brought monumental changes to California, transforming it into a melting pot of cultural and religious movements. Among these was the Latter-day Saints movement, commonly known as the Mormon faith, which played a crucial role in shaping the region's social and political fabric. In 1846, an article titled “The Mormon Press,” published in *The Californian*, offers a fascinating glimpse into the tensions among competing press entities, the public's perception of sectarian influence, and the evolving narrative surrounding Mormons in California.

California in the 1840s: A Tapestry of Transformation

Before we explore the article itself, it's essential to understand the context in which it was written. Although the California Gold Rush erupted in 1848, the territory was already in turmoil, transitioning from Mexican rule to a wave of American settlers. This influx led to a diverse array of groups and movements, including the Mormons, who journeyed westward in search of both religious freedom and economic opportunity. Within this dynamic landscape, characterized by migration and transformation, the Mormons developed a distinctive approach to governance and community, cultivating a strong sense of identity amid conflicting beliefs and factions.

In this environment, newspapers emerged as powerful instruments of influence, providing not only news but also shaping public opinion and reflecting the disputes that arose from divergent ideologies. The rivalry between *The Californian*, which claimed an independent perspective, and the *Star*, a publication affiliated with the Mormon community, marks a significant chapter in California journalism history.

 The Rivalry of Press Entities: A Battle for Supremacy

The article we’re examining begins with a pointed reference to “jealousies” stemming from the *Star*, revealing an insecure and defensive press striving to assert its legitimacy in a tumultuous media landscape. Notably, the mention of an "obscure individual" at the helm of the *Star* suggests a critique of the proprietor’s perceived inexperience compared to the established *Californian*. This rivalry illustrates that the fledgling newspaper industry was not merely about disseminating information; it became a battleground for ideological supremacy.

With a biting tone, the article dismisses the *Star*’s accusation that the *Californian* was run by a “Committee” as baseless. By applying a lens of entertainment and mockery, the author subtly underscores a climate of suspicion that characterized journalistic relations in California. Here, the *Californian* is positioned as not just another publication, but as a beacon of local independence resisting the encroaching influence of organized sects.

 Journalism's Societal Reflection: A Mirror to the Audience

As the article critiques the *Star*, it reveals journalism's emerging role as a reflective societal force. The assertion that "the mass of newspaper readers neither know nor care what's the drift of an editorial squabble," indicates a profound awareness that everyday readers often disengaged from the ideological conflicts that unfolded in print. This reflects not only a recognition of the press's duty but also emphasizes the community's preference for substantive information over sensational squabbles among competing newspapers.

This insight unveils how public perception shapes narratives. The fact that readers were disinterested in the conflicting agendas speaks to a community more preoccupied with reliable news than the theatrics of press rivalries. Yet, the article hints at the deep emotional undercurrents that such disputes can stir, illustrating how personal grievances and the quest for credibility can fracture communities, even those bound by shared experiences and beliefs.

Sectarianism and Cultural Dynamics: A Divided Press

Delving deeper, the article explores the implications of sectarian press, juxtaposing the independent *Californian* against the communal *Star*. The portrayal of the *Star* as a "Committee" press, combined with a local Mormon's claim that it was essentially a branch of the New York Mormons, highlights perceptions of external influence in California's journalistic landscape. The ominous suggestion that “it will soon be time to doff its ostensibles and show its real colours” encapsulates fears regarding transparency and trust, as rivalry morphs into existential questions of loyalty within a rapidly shifting sociopolitical milieu.

The assertion that "misery makes great effort to find company" poignantly captures the constraining nature of sectarianism, revealing an underlying anxiety about assimilation and the preservation of identity amid an influx of diverse beliefs.

 Print Media's Role in Shaping Identity: A Cultural Artifact

The tensions uncovered in press coverage provide compelling insight into how identities are constructed through media narratives. Each newspaper serves not only as a vehicle for information but also as a cultural artifact, reflecting the aspirations and fears of its community. The *Californian*, through its editorial endeavors, sought to establish legitimacy and authority amid a cacophony of competing narratives, asserting that it, too, deserved a voice in this evolving territory.

By scrutinizing typographical errors and challenging the *Star*'s claims, the *Californian* positioned itself as the arbiter of truth, suggesting that meticulous reporting equated to credibility. This notion of credibility was not just vital for journalistic integrity; it also played a crucial role in the construction of cultural identity. The perception of a newspaper's reliability directly influenced how its associated community was viewed, making the performance of the Mormon press pivotal to shaping its identity during a tumultuous period.

 Lasting Impacts on Journalism and Society: An Ongoing Legacy

The skirmishes between *The Californian* and the *Star* set a precedent for the interplay of media, culture, and identity. These early conflicts offer timeless insights into modern journalism, where media continues to be framed along ideological lines, often resulting in polarized public discourse.

As we navigate the current media landscape, the rivalry of the 1840s serves as an early example of media operating as a cultural battleground. The lessons embedded in *The Californian*’s editorial resonate today, as communities remain influenced by narrative control and the definitions imposed by competing press outlets.

 Conclusion: Unearthing Historical Narratives

Examining the complexities presented in "The Mormon Press," we uncover not merely an editorial critique but a historical lens through which we can grasp the intricate relationship between media and identity formation. The tensions encapsulated in the article reflect broader societal currents in 19th-century California, grappling with sectarian allegiances, individual identity, and communal aspirations.

The saga of *The Californian* and the *Star* serves as a powerful reminder of the media's role in shaping narratives, community perceptions, and collective history. By reflecting on the events of 1846-1848, we can glean valuable insights relevant to our contemporary media environment, urging us to engage thoughtfully with the stories we consume and share today.

Key Phrases:

1. **Mormon faith's impact on 19th century California** - This relates to the sociocultural dynamics influenced by religious movements. For further reading, see the article on the history of the Mormon church from [Church History](https://history.churchofjesuschrist.org/overviews/mormon-church-history?lang=eng).

2. **California Gold Rush and its effects** - This period initiated significant demographic and economic shifts in California. For more information, read about the California Gold Rush on [History.com](https://www.history.com/topics/westward-expansion/the-california-gold-rush).

3. **The role of newspapers in shaping public opinion** - This explores how media influences societal perceptions. Learn more about this topic in the article "The Role of the Media in Society" from [Pew Research Center](https://www.pewresearch.org/journalism/2021/03/16/the-role-of-the-media-in-society/).

4. **Sectarian influence in journalism** - This addresses how religious sects impact media narratives. For further insights, see this analysis of religious influences in media on [The Conversation](https://theconversation.com/lessons-from-sectarian-media-campaigns-how-to-tackle-hate-speech-today-128730).

5. **Cultural identity formation through media** - This refers to how media narratives shape community identities. For deeper exploration, check out "Media, Culture, and Identity" on [SAGE Journals](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1350506812438454).

6. **Press rivalry and ideological conflicts** - This discusses competitive dynamics in journalism's history. Read more about this in "The Press as an Arena of Ideological Conflict" from [The Columbia Journalism Review](https://www.cjr.org/analysis/the-press-as-an-arena-of-ideological-conflict.php).

7. **Historical narratives and their impact** - This touches on how historical events shape current societal understanding. For further insights, refer to "Narrative History" findings from [Northwestern University](https://www.northwestern.edu/history/about/narrative-history.html).

8. **Reliability and credibility in journalism** - This emphasizes the importance of trustworthy reporting in media. For more on this topic, see "The Importance of Credible Journalism" from [The Atlantic](https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2016/08/the-importance-of-credible-journalism/495146/).

**Citation**: The Californian

- THE MORMON PRESS., 1847-08-28
https://cdnc.ucr.edu/ University of California Riverside Digital Newspaper Archive

Original Article:

—We would just as willingly say Catholic press, or press of any other sect; the value of any trfle [trifle] will equalize the difference. But we find it necessary to say something of the Mormon Press of this town. The astonishment at the fact of their great and only rival having fallen into the hands of an obscure individual, without any known qualifications in point of literary talent or education; has only been equaled by their foaming jealousies at the discovery of a disposition (to say the least,) with the proprietor to better the condition of the establishment in every possible way, and increase the importance of the journal in the estimation of the public. The existence of the "Californian" forms a great barrier (in their opinion) to their hopes for success. They have prated largely about some pretended and unknown "Committee" as having charge of the Californian—they have ridiculed the proprietor and editor, with the appellations "established" and "ostensible'' publisher, cat's paw &c. for which we have on two occasions humorously retaliated. In regard, however, to what we published in our paper of August 14th, concerning the obtaining Manuscrip that belonged exclusively to us by right of gift; we stated fact (or what we understood as fact) which their last week's paper did not deny, but confirmed. They have attempted to turn it off in a joke; some may take it so; but the mass of newspaper readers neither know nor care what's the drift of an editorial squabble; they will not take the trouble to keep the run of it, because it is matter of little or no interest to them. However, we desire to say something in regard to their article of last week, showing the "way it was done." If it was matter of general interest we would copy the whole article and point out its errors and willful untruths; but as it is not, we merely rebut the most important for the benefit of the very few who feel an interest in the affair. Their ungentlemanly tirade against an honorable Lieutenant in the U.S. N. and his "colleague" as they style him, does not at all affect us in a private point of view; their success, character or standing, does not regulate the success of the Californian or in any manner whatever affect it; still we have an opinion in the matter, and believe these two individuals whom they thus abuse, to be intrinsically far better than any of the known conductors of the STAR, either past or present. A file of their paper in connection with an acquaintance with the persons and facts is all that is necessary to prove it. It is not true that this is a "Committee" press, or that the Lieutenant took or offered to take any further part, than deliver into our hands the manuscript news. As regards typographical errors; in their eagerness to find one in our paper, they overlook at least a half dozen in their own. It is true that the printers chose to set Taylor's Dispatch from the printed copy of the Star, and it is also true that it gave us the trouble to correct several errors thus occasioned, and on refering to the manuscript found that a number of consecutive words had been altogether omitted in their very correct columns. Their prate about the "shaking fabric" expresses, not the fact, but their desire, and a long time will elapse ere its realization becomes manifest. "A new name now remains to complete the overthrow." If it should prove to be the only name that we can imagine them to mean, we can assure them that IT will remain a very long time, before it gets the opportunity to act in the desired situation. One of the "Saints of latterdays" tells us that the STAR press is the property of the New York branch of Mormons, and that they expect it to do the work of their bidding; if this proves to be the fact it will soon be time to doff its ostensibles and show its real colours. What consistency! for the press of a sect to attempt to couple ''committees" and influence with a press that is independent of all sects, parties, cliques and "committees" as well as influence of individuals.—Misery makes great effort to find company! Altho' we expect you to falsify as much of what is contained here-in as suits your inclination, dont represent us to be striving against the "Saints of latterdays," it only happens that the boots are worn by them, and which we would as readily attack understood by any other sect. If praise of self would invariably pass for a respectable reputation, then we would judge that the COIN of the STAR would be something above par. Certainly ignoronce must be the EVIL, and knowledge a suitable REMEDY. ——————

The article discusses a decree issued by General S.W. Kearny, Brigadier General of the U.S. and Governor of California, transferring the rights to certain plots of land in San Francisco to the city or municipal authorities. These plots of land, located between "Fortin Montgomery" and "Rincon," are to be divided and sold at public auction for the benefit of the city. The sale conditions include payment in installments with approved securities and an interest rate of ten percent. The article highlights the strategic location of San Francisco for commerce and navigation.

1847 Grant of San Francisco’s Beachfront

The article titled "Alta California. Por el Decreto" is a significant document illuminating the governance and land distribution policies in California shortly after U.S. military acquisition during the Mexican-American War. Authored primarily by Brigadier General Stephen W. Kearny, who served as the military governor of California, the decree highlights the early steps in transferring control over land in the burgeoning city of San Francisco to local municipal authorities and residents. This was part of the broader U.S. expansionist efforts under the doctrine of Manifest Destiny, where American leaders sought to establish control over vast territories across North America.

Kearny’s decree outlines the allocation of land known as "solares" or lots in front of San Francisco, specifically between the points "Rincón" and "Fortin Montgomery." He states, "todo el derecho, titulo, y interes, de los Estados Unidos, y del Territorio de California, á los SOLARES en la Playa," indicating that the U.S. government had transferred all rights and interests in these lots to the citizens or authorities of San Francisco. This local administrative empowerment was essential for fostering a sense of community ownership and facilitating economic development in an area transitioning from a territory of Mexico to part of the United States.

The inclusion of provisions for public auctions signifies an early form of municipal governance and attempts to stimulate economic growth through real estate development. Kearny writes, “serán medidos, y divididos, en Solares convenientes para ubicación de casas de Comercio," emphasizing that these lots were to be allocated specifically for commercial use, illustrating the push toward making San Francisco a commercial hub. This was crucial as the discovery of gold in 1848 later propelled California's growth and attracted thousands of settlers.

The terms of the sale state, “una cuarta parte en Plata contado; una cuarta en seis meses, una cuarta en un año, y la otra cuarta en diez y ocho meses," which conveys a structured payment plan aimed at enabling more individuals to participate in land acquisition, thereby stimulating local economic activity. Such financial arrangements reflected the realities of a developing society, where many prospective buyers may have lacked the means for full upfront payments.

Furthermore, Kearny’s decree is historically pivotal as it highlights the transition from military governance to civil governance, which would become increasingly important as the population of San Francisco dramatically increased. By formally transferring land title to local authorities, Kearny not only legitimized the new American presence in California but also set the stage for the rapid urban growth and transformation that would characterize San Francisco in subsequent years.

In summary, this article is critical for understanding the early policies and implications of American administration in California post-Mexican-American War. It emphasizes the blend of military authority and local governance, the economic aspirations of the time, and the thorough planning necessary for urban development during a significant era in U.S. history. The dynamics of land ownership and authority demonstrated in Kearny's decree became a foundational element of California's and San Francisco's development trajectory in the ensuing decades.

The Birth of a City: Analyzing the 1847 Grant of San Francisco’s Beachfront - Shaping the Future Through the Lens of the Past

In March of 1847, a landmark decree was issued by General S.W. Kearny, the then Governor of California, which would irrevocably alter the destiny of San Francisco. Dubbed **“Alta California. Por el Decreto,”** this directive not only laid the foundation for the city we recognize today but also marked a turning point in its urban and economic evolution. The bureaucratic language may evoke an era long gone, yet its implications echo in today's land policies, urban planning efforts, and economic structures.

 The Context: California’s Transition to U.S. Control

To grasp the full significance of Kearny’s decree, we must delve into the broader historical context. By 1846, the Mexican-American War had shifted the balance of power, and California found itself transitioning from Mexican to U.S. governance. This transformation was formally cemented by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848, which recognized California as a part of the United States. However, Kearny’s decree stood as an early signal of how land would be managed under the new American regime.

Kearny’s role encompassed both military and civilian leadership, reflecting a dual responsibility to establish governance while nurturing a vision for California's future prosperity. His proclamation did more than merely allocate land; it set the stage for a new societal framework.

Decoding the Decree: Content and Implications

Examining the decree reveals a legal proclamation laden with significant consequences. It articulates the “derecho, titulo, y interes” of the U.S. government to cede land rights to the “el Pueblo ó á las Autoridades Municipales de dicho Pueblo.” This language not only recognized the Municipal Authorities of San Francisco as custodians of the land but also hinted at a broader understanding of local governance. Moreover, the stipulation to auction these lands, with proceeds benefiting the city, showcased a progressive inclination towards public ownership that would soon find its full expression during the California Gold Rush.

Kearny outlined that the land, spanning from landmarks like "Rincon" to "Fortin Montgomery," would be divided into plots or "solares." This early version of urban planning highlighted a pivotal shift towards modern city infrastructure, reflecting an evolving relationship with land use and governance.

 The Auction: An Early Test of Market Principles

The decree’s provision for a public auction marked an early embrace of free-market principles in California's fledgling economy. Scheduled for June 29, 1847, this auction signaled more than just land sales; it was a barometer of the region's economic ambitions. The terms of sale—“una cuarta parte en Plata contado; una cuarta en seis meses, una cuarta en un año, y al otra cuarta en diez y ocho meses”—illustrated the emerging credit practices that would proliferate in American commerce.

During this tumultuous period defined by the California Gold Rush, real estate transactions became points of both volatility and opportunity. By auctioning plot ownership, Kearny’s administration ignited speculation, spurred settlement, and contributed to the densification of both commercial and residential areas in San Francisco.

Economic Growth and Urban Development: The Long-Term Impact

The immediate aftermath of Kearny’s decree was a profound surge in economic activity within San Francisco, setting into motion a transformative period for the city. This proclamation laid the groundwork for a structured land ownership system directly fueling commercial and residential development.

The interplay between urban development and land usage was further enhanced by Kearny’s decree. Designating public plots for business use catalyzed the city's economic infrastructure, paving the way for commercial enterprises that capitalized on San Francisco's strategic position near the Pacific. This foresight positioned the city as an entry point for goods and services, and the auctioning of lands amidst thriving population growth was not just administrative—it was a proactive approach to urban management amidst the shifting political landscape.

 Land Ownership: A Tension of Rights and Realities

However, the passage of Kearny’s decree shrouded a more complicated narrative involving indigenous rights and burgeoning American interests. While it provided clear titles to settlers, it concurrently marginalized the rights of native populations. This decree, though silent on indigenous claims, paved the road to a fraught history of displacement and dispossession that would follow.

Grasping these historical injustices prompts essential conversations today regarding reparations and land rights across the nation. Kearny's actions illustrate a governance model that often prioritized settler interests to the detriment of native populations, framing a narrative of relentless ownership while disregarding the legal claims held by Indigenous communities.

Legacy and Modern Reflections

The ramifications of Kearny’s decision extend profoundly into the contemporary landscape of San Francisco. His decree laid the foundation for urbanization that not only defined the city but also attracted diverse immigrant populations eager for opportunity in the wake of the Gold Rush. Today, that legacy resonates in ongoing discussions around urban real estate, gentrification, and the rising cost of living—issues that remain pertinent in modern city planning dialogues.

Moreover, Kearny’s decree anchors San Francisco's position as a critical hub for commerce on the West Coast, a role that continues to intertwine with today’s vibrant tech economy, often associated with Silicon Valley. The early auction of public land set a precedent for localized economic growth characterized by fierce competition and innovation.

 Conclusion: The Decree, Its Implications, and Lessons for Today

In reflecting on Kearny's decree, we uncover a foundational moment that significantly molded San Francisco into one of America’s foremost cities. The decisions surrounding land distribution, economic growth, and the implications for indigenous populations are threads that weave through contemporary discussions on urban planning and land rights.

What may initially appear as a dry bureaucratic document reveals an intricate web of policies leading to urban expansion, economic vitality, and systemic displacement—elements that inform our current realities. As we contemplate the past, recognizing these historical nuances is vital for our understanding of today’s challenges regarding urban growth, economic disparity, and social justice.

This inquiry deepens our appreciation for San Francisco’s rich and complex tapestry—woven with ambition, resilience, and the historical traumas and triumphs that have shaped our present. As we navigate the ever-evolving landscape, grounding our approaches in historical context can guide us toward more equitable and sustainable futures in urban planning and community engagement.

The foundational decisions sparked by Kearny's decree continue to invite reflection on our shared histories and help mold our collective identity. Through a renewed engagement with the past, cultural appreciation, and advocacy for equitable policies, we are reminded that our choices today will shape the landscape of tomorrow, much like Kearny's actions shaped the very core of San Francisco.

Key Phrases:

1. **"Alta California. Por el Decreto"** - A historical document influencing urban planning. For further reading, see this comprehensive overview of California's governance transitions during the Mexican-American War on [The California History Society](https://californiahistoricalsociety.org/).

2. **"Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo"** - This treaty reshaped the territorial boundaries and governance of California. Explore more about its implications at [National Archives](https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/american_originals/guadalup.html).

3. **"Kearny’s decree"** - A pivotal moment in the establishment of San Francisco's urban structure and land management. Further information can be found in this analysis of Kearny's role at [Calisphere](https://calisphere.org/item/ark:/86086/n11p12tc/).

4. **"Public auction and free-market principles"** - The economic impact of land auctions in California's early development. To learn more, visit [California's Gold Rush and Economic Impact](https://www.history.com/topics/westward-expansion/california-gold-rush).

5. **"Indigenous rights and American interests"** - The tension between settler expansion and indigenous claims. Read about the broader implications of this in "The Impact of the Gold Rush on Native California" at [The American Indian Journal](https://www.americanindianmagazine.org/story/gold-rush-and-native-american-land).

6. **"Legacy of urbanization and gentrification"** - Current issues stemming from historical land policies in urban development. To explore gentrification and related urban issues, see [Urban Studies Journal](https://journals.sagepub.com/home/usj).

7. **"Systemic displacement"** - Historical and contemporary impacts of displacement on native populations. For context, review "The Legacy of Displacement: Land and Power" on [The Journal of American History](https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5325/jamerhist.109.3.679).

8. **"Economic disparity and social justice"** - Modern implications of historical governance on social equity. To delve deeper, check out [The Urban Institute](https://www.urban.org/policy-centers/growth-and-opportunity-initiative) and their research on economic inequality.

Each of these phrases indicates rich areas for further inquiry and understanding of San Francisco's historical and contemporary dynamics.

**Citation**: The Californian

- Alta California. Por el Decreto, 1847-07-17
https://cdnc.ucr.edu/ University of California Riverside Digital Newspaper Archive

Original Article:

siguiente dado por S. E. Don S. W. Kearny, General de Brigada de los E. U. y Gobernador de California—todo el derecho, titulo, y interes, de los Estados Unidos, y del Territorio de California, á los SOLARES en la Playa, o en frente del Pueblo de San Francisco, se concedé y trasfiere al Pueblo ó á las Autoridades Municipales de dicho Pueblo. DECRETO DE S. E. EL SENOR GOBERNADOR. Yo S. W. Kearny, General de Brigada y Gobernador de California, en virtud de los poderes que mi son conferidos dados por el PRESIDENTE de los ESTADOS UNIDOS de America, he tenido á bien canceder y participar ál Pueblo de San Francisco, ó Autoridades Municipales de dicho Pueblo, todo el derecho, titulo, e interes del Gobierno de los Estados Unidos y del Territorio de California, en los Solares situados en la playa o ál Este de dicho Pueblo de San Francisco, incluidos entre los pantos conocidos con el nombre de "RINCON" y "Fortin Montgomery" exceptuando los solares que los Señores Comandantes del Egercito, y Marina, en San Francisco, eligan para el use del Gobierno de los Estados Unidos. Preveniendo que el Terreno concedido en este décreto, sera dividido en Solares, y vendido en Publica Subasta a cualesquiera personas que los quieran comprar, despues de Aviso Publico, dado por tres meses. Los productos de la venta seran a beneficio del Pueblo de San Francisco. Dado en Monterey Capital de California, el diez dia del mes de Marzo, de 1847, y el año setenta y uno de la Independenceia de los Estados Unidos. S. W. KEARNY. Gen'l. de Brig. y Gov. de California. En virtud, y en cumplimiento; de las condiciones del Decreto que antecede, todos los terrenos baldios al frente Este del Pueblo de San Francisco, situados entre el "Fortin Montgomery" y "Rincon," y conocidos con el nombre de los Solares de la Playa y los Bajos (ezceptuando los que sereserva el Gobierno General y el Pueblo) seran medidos, y divididos, en Solares convenientes para ubtcacion de casas de Comercio Depositos, y ofrecido vender en publica Subasta al mayor pastor, el martes el 29 de Junio, proximo alas diez de la mañana. Un plano de los Solares en conneccion con la mapa general del Pueblo, haran y exhibiran antes el dia de la venta. Condiciones de la Venta—una cuarta parte en Plata contado; una cuarta en seis meses, una cuarta en un año, y al otra cuarta en diez y ocho meses— el comprador dando seguridades aprobados con el interes de diez por ciento annual, desde el dia de la venta. Otras condiciones, scran publicados antes, o en el dia dela venta. La posicion del Pueblo de San Francisco, ss bien sa bido por todos los Navegantes y hombres de Comercio que visitan California, para ser la mejor y mas.

 

The Transformation of San Francisco: A Historical Auction and Its Implications

A Historical Auction and Its Implications

The article discusses the transfer of rights to plots of land in San Francisco from the United States government to the municipal authorities of the city. The land is to be divided into lots and sold at public auction for the benefit of the city. The article also highlights the strategic commercial importance of San Francisco and announces a sale of land for commercial and residential use. Additionally, there is a brief advertisement for a cash store offering a variety of goods, and the availability of single copies of the newspaper for purchase.

The article titled "REMATE O VENTA EN SUBASTA" serves as a public notice regarding the auctioning of plots of land, designated as "Solares," in the area of San Francisco, California, which was then a relatively new addition to the United States following the Mexican-American War. The notice is significant for several reasons, including its reflection of the territorial changes in California post-war, the shifting economic landscape, and the emerging opportunities for settlement and commerce.

The decree, issued by Brigadier General S. W. Kearny, emphasizes the transfer of land from the federal government to the municipal authorities of San Francisco. This transition of land ownership signifies a vital moment in the evolution of local governance and land management in California. Kearny states, “todo el derecho, titulo, y interes, se las Estados Unidos, y del Territorio de California, á los SOLARES en la Playa," clearly indicating the U.S. government's relinquishment of some of its authority over lands to local governance, which would be atypical in other territories during the same era.

Another critical aspect of this article is its strong commercial focus, as it outlines the planned auction of these parcels of land. The document reflects a burgeoning interest in San Francisco as a vital economic hub. The article notes, “La posicion del Pueblo de San Francisco, ss bien sabido por todos los Navegantes y hombres de Comercio... la mejor y mas VENTAJOSA POSICION COMERCIAL en toda la costa del Mar Pacifico,” highlighting the city’s strategic significance for trade, particularly as it related to maritime activity along the Pacific coast. This assertion is critical, as San Francisco would soon become a focal point for commerce, especially during the California Gold Rush that began shortly thereafter in 1848.

Furthermore, the auctioning process outlined in the article introduces particular financial arrangements for potential buyers, indicating a structured approach to land sales designed to attract various investors. Kearny lays out the terms: “una cuarta parte en Plata contado; una cuarte en seis meses,” creating an accessible financial structure designed to incentivize participation from a wide range of prospective buyers, thus boosting local investment and development.

The mention of the auctions occurring as early as June 29, 1847, further signifies the urgency and expectation for rapid development in the wake of California's incorporation into the United States. The notice's predictably optimistic language points to a collective hope for prosperity in the region as it reads, “la acqisicion de Solares... es un objeto de mucho interes por todos las Casas Mercantiles en California,” evoking a strong sense of economic opportunity that accompanied territorial expansion.

In conclusion, the document serves not only as a notice of land sales but also as a broader historical indicator of the transition from military to civil governance, the enthusiasm for commercial expansion in California, and the establishment of San Francisco as a significant commercial center. It encapsulates the dynamic changes occurring in the region during this period, reflecting both opportunity and the intricate interplay of local ambitions within the framework of national policy.

The Transformation of San Francisco: A Historical Auction and Its Implications

In 1847, the *Californian* newspaper published an article titled "REMATE O VENTA EN SUBASTA," documenting a pivotal moment in the urban evolution of San Francisco, then part of Alta California. In this post, we will delve into the content of that article, the historical context surrounding the auction it describes, and the profound effects of this event on both San Francisco's development and the broader trajectory of modern California.

 The Auction Announcement

At the heart of the article lies a significant decree issued by General Stephen W. Kearny, who served as California's governor during a transformative era in American history. This decree declares that “todo el derecho, titulo, y interés, se las Estados Unidos, y del Territorio de California” is granted to the "Pueblo" of San Francisco, particularly concerning the "Solares en la Playa," or lots located along the beach.

What emerges from Kearny’s proclamation is a pivotal governance shift: it formally recognizes local authority in San Francisco, granting control over valuable beachfront properties. This act set the stage for urban planning and commercialization, marking a transition from a predominantly military-dominated enclave to one ripe for civilian investment and development.

Scheduled for auction on June 29, 1847, Kearny drew attention to the prime location of San Francisco: "La posición del Pueblo de San Francisco... es la mejor y más VENTAJOSA POSICIÓN COMERCIAL en toda la costa del Mar Pacifico." With its strategic geographical advantage, San Francisco was poised to flourish as a burgeoning commercial hub on the Pacific Coast. The announcement extended an invitation to “todas las Casas Mercantiles en California, y otras partes” to consider investing in the city, reflecting a growing interest in its commercial prospects.

 A Framework for Urban Development

To appreciate the significance of the auction, we must first understand the broader historical context. Following the end of the Mexican-American War, California experienced a seismic shift from Mexican to American governance. This period was marked by rapid demographic changes, spurred primarily by the Gold Rush, which began in early 1848. Yet, at this juncture in 1847, before gold was discovered at Sutter's Mill, California's wealth remained largely theoretical.

Kearny's decree to auction the land created a structured framework for land ownership and development that had previously been elusive. The concept of private property began to define urban development in California, presenting new opportunities for investment and entrepreneurship.

The planned layout for these "solares," or lots, was designed for "ubicación de casas de Comercio y Depositos," illustrating an early vision for urban planning that prioritized the establishment of commercial infrastructure.

 Economic Implications and Motivations

The auction had profound economic implications for San Francisco. This system not only enabled the local government to generate revenue for community development, but it also transitioned the economy from mere survival under military control to thriving through a well-structured commercial infrastructure built on land ownership and trade.

Potential buyers faced terms that were designed for accessibility: they were required to pay a quarter in cash and could pay the remainder in installments. This thoughtful approach demonstrated an emerging understanding of consumer finance, albeit in its infancy compared to today's standards.

By highlighting the “Ventajosa posición comercial,” Kearny was not only underscoring the benefits for local stakeholders but also appealing to external merchants and traders keen on tapping into the region's commercial potential.

The Role of Local Governance

The auction announcement signals a profound transformation in governance dynamics in California, showcasing the integral role of local officials in nurturing economic activity. Edwin Bryant, then Mayor of San Francisco, lent credibility to the auction through his support, calling it an “objecto de mucho interes.” This indicates a shared belief among local authorities that establishing commercial lots was crucial for the city’s development.

This shift in governance illustrates a growing sense of community and a significant pivot away from military oversight. By empowering local authorities to manage valuable land, the federal government indirectly fostered civic engagement and community building—cornerstones of democratic governance.

Cultural and Social Dynamics

The 1847 auction also serves as a lens into the evolving cultural and social dynamics of San Francisco. As commerce and urbanization took root, the city began to attract diverse populations, including Anglo settlers, Mexican Californios, and immigrants from around the globe. This rich tapestry of cultures shaped a vibrant community, transforming the region's social landscape.

Moreover, the decree and subsequent auction set the scene for pivotal changes in the relationships between Californio and Anglo populations. While the auction formally recognized local governance, it also marked a transition in property rights from one culture to another, igniting tensions that would influence the future of Californian identity.

 Legacy and Lasting Impact

The auction of the “solares” by the waterfront has had enduring repercussions over the decades. Today, the area surrounding San Francisco’s waterfront is one of the most coveted and commercially viable real estate locations in the world. This historical auction exemplifies the city’s transformation from a military outpost to a major economic center, a journey that ultimately contributed to San Francisco's current identity as a technology hub and cultural epicenter.

Reflecting upon the significance of that 1847 auction sheds light on how historical events shape contemporary urban environments and economies. San Francisco has undergone significant changes from its humble beginnings, yet this auction marks the inception of real property development as a key economic driver.

As we consider the impact of General Kearny’s decree and the subsequent auction, we see how land, commerce, and community have become inextricably intertwined. The aspirations for commercial growth and localized governance established in 1847 laid the groundwork for the robust and diverse city we know today.

Conclusion: A Historical Perspective

In conclusion, the announcement of the auction of solares in San Francisco signifies the intersection of governance, commerce, and community. It heralds a transformative moment in the region’s history, setting the course for San Francisco's evolution into a significant center of commerce and culture on the western coast of North America.

Understanding this historical context enhances our appreciation for the intricacies of urban development, community evolution, and the lasting impact of past decisions on our present realities. As we navigate an increasingly urbanized world marked by thriving commerce, the lessons learned from pivotal moments like the 1847 auction remind us of the foundational principles that have guided economic development and community resilience throughout history.

Key Phrases:

1. 'General Stephen W. Kearny and the governance shift in California' - This topic relates to the broader transformations in governance during and after the Mexican-American War. For further reading, see the article on 'California's Path to Statehood' from [California State Library](https://www.library.ca.gov/).
2. 'The role of local governance in commercial development' - Understanding the evolution of governance in urban areas is crucial. For more information, see the article on 'Local Governance in America' from [Brookings Institution](https://www.brookings.edu/research/local-governance-in-america/).
3. 'The 1848 Gold Rush as a catalyst for urban development' - The Gold Rush was a significant event that transformed California. For further exploration, check the 'California Gold Rush' article from [History.com](https://www.history.com/topics/westward-expansion/california-gold-rush).
4. 'Cultural and social dynamics in pre-Gold Rush San Francisco' - The influences of diverse populations on city development are noteworthy. For further reading, refer to the article on 'The Role of Immigration in the Growth of San Francisco' from [San Francisco Heritage](https://www.sfheritage.org/).
5. 'Real property development and economic transformation in San Francisco' - An exploration of urban land use and economic impacts over time would be beneficial. See the article on 'Real Estate Development in San Francisco' from [SPUR](https://www.spur.org/publications/library/report/2017-01-30/real-estate-development-san-francisco).
6. 'The transition of property rights from Californios to Anglos' - This topic covers the implications of cultural shifts in property ownership. For further information, read 'Property Rights and Social Justice' from [USC Gould School of Law](https://gould.usc.edu/).
7. 'Urban planning in the 19th century California' - Understanding the historical context of urban planning in this era is important. See 'Urban Development in California: 1850-1900' from [Sierra College](http://www.sierracollege.edu/).

**Citation**: The Californian
- REMATE O VENTA EN SUBASTA, 1847-04-24
https://cdnc.ucr.edu/ University of California Riverside Digital Newspaper Archive

Original Article:

PUBLICA. DE SOLARES EN LA PLATA DEL PUEBLO DE SAN FRANCISCO. Alta California. Por el Decreto siguiente dado por S. E Don S. W. Kearny, General de Brigada de los E. U. y Gobernador de California—todo el derecho, titulo, y interes, se las Estados Unidos, y del Territorio de California, á los SOLARES en la Playa, ó en frente del Pueblo de San Francisco, se concedé y trasfiere al Pueblo ó á las Autoridades Municipales de dicho Pueblo. DECRETO DE S. E. El SEÑOR GOBERNADOR. Yo S. W. Kearny, General de Brigada y Gobernador de California, en virtud de los poderes que mi son conferidos dados por el PRESIDENTE de los ESTADOS UNIDOS de America, he tenido á bien canceder y participar al Pueblo de San Francisco, ó Autoridades Municipales de dicho Pueblo, todo el derecho, titulo, e interes del Gobierno de los Estados Unidos y del Territorio de California, en los Solares situados en la playa o al Este de dicho Pueblo de San Francisco, incluidos entre los pantos conocidos con el nombre de "RINCON" y "Fortin Montgomery" exceptuando los solares que los Señores Comandantes del Egercito, y Marina, en San Francisco, eligan para el uso del Gobierno de los Estados Unidos. Preveniendo que el Terreno concedido en este décreto, sera dividido Solares, y vendido en Publica Subasta a cualesquiera personas que los quieran comprar, despues de Aviso Publico, dado por tres meses. Los productos de la venta setan a beneficio del Pueblo de San Francisco. Dado en Monterey Capital de California, el diez dia del mes de Marzo, de 1847, y el año setenta y uno de la Independenceia de los Estados Unidos. S. W. KEARNY. Gen'l. de Brig. y Gov. de California En virtud, y en cumplimiento, de las condiciones del Decreto que antecede, todos los terrenos baldios al frente Este del Pueblo de San Francisco, situados entre el "Fortin Montgomery" y "Rincon," y concidus con el nombre de los Solares de la Playa y los Bajos (esceptuando los que se reserva el Gobierno General y el Pueblo) seran medidos, y divididos, en Solares convenientes para ubticacion de casas de Comercio y Depositos, y ofrecido vender en publica Subasta al mayor pastor, el martes el 29 de Junio proximo a las diez de la mañana. Un plano de los Solares en conneccion con la mapa general del Pueblo, haran y exhibiran antes el dia de la venta. Condiciones de la Venta—una cuarta parte en Plata contado; una cuarte en seis meses, una cutrta [cuarta] en un año, y al otra cuarta en diez y ocho meses—el comprador dando seguridades aprobados con el interes de diez por ciento annual, desde el dia de la venta. Otras condiciones, seran publicados antes, o en el dia de la venta. La posicion del Pueblo de San Francisco, ss bien sabido por todos los Navegantes y hombres de Comercio que visitan California, para ser la mejor y mas. VENTAJOSA POSICION COMERCIAL. en toda la costa del Mar Pacifico, y el Publo mismo, sin duda, esta destinado de ser el EMPORIO COMERCIAL de la Costa al Oeste del Comimente de Norte America. La propiedad ahora ofrecid en venta, es demas valor que cualquiera otra pesteniciendo al Pueblo, y la acqisicion de Solares alli, es un objeto de mucho interes por todos las Casas Mercantiles en California, y otras partes, que tienor interes en el Comercio del Mar Pacifico. EDWIN BRYANT, Alcalde del Pueblo y distrito de San Francisco. San Francisco Marzo el de 16, 1847. —————— CASH STORE. Just received by Bark Don Quixote, an assortment DRY GOODS and GROCERIES, CHEAP FOR CASH. ALSO, a few ENGLISH SCHOOL BOOKS. 27tf MILTON LITTLE. —————— Single copies of the Californian can be had at the office Price 12 1-2 cents.

 

Los Remedios de la Patria

 

The article discusses the political and social turmoil in Alta California, highlighting the corruption among government officials and the negative impact on the population. It criticizes the actions of those involved in the unrest and warns against further violence and division in the region. The author urges for a return to peace and stability, emphasizing the importance of family, work, and health over political ambitions.

 Historical Analysis of "Los Remedios de la Patria"

The article "Los Remedios de la Patria" serves as a poignant critique of the socio-political conditions in Alta California during the early 19th century. The author expresses deep concerns regarding the rampant political ambition and mismanagement that plagued the region, painting a picture of a society corrupted by greed and called to arms by irresponsible leaders. This piece is particularly significant given its reflection on the tumultuous period leading up to the Mexican-American War and the broader context of California's transition from Mexican to American governance.

 Contextual Background

The 1836 uprisings and subsequent political instability in Alta California were largely symptomatic of the struggle between various factions vying for power in the wake of Mexico's unstable leadership. As the article points out, “la alta California se hayaba enferma como toda nuestra republica, de la epidemia contagiosa del aspirantiame,” (Alta California was unwell like our entire republic, suffering from the contagious epidemic of ambition). This ambition often manifested itself in local warlords and political leaders who would exploit their positions for personal gain rather than for the welfare of the nation.

The article reveals a deep cynicism towards those in power, sarcastically noting that while “los grandos militares se esparcieron con mas abundancia que en el paraguai” (the large military forces spread more abundantly than in Paraguay), they served to line the pockets of those in charge instead of fostering stability. The author laments how, following political upheavals, the economy and social fabric of society deteriorated, with mismanagement leading to a lack of resources: “a los ladrones para hecharse sobre los bienes agenos” (for the thieves to seize the properties of others).

 Thematic Concerns

A recurring theme in the article is the critique of political figures who betray their compatriots' trust. The author underscores the catastrophic consequences of this betrayal, echoing sentiments of despair and helplessness. He states, “el imprudente paso dado en los Angeles… ocasionando la ruina de inumerables familias” (the reckless step taken in Los Angeles… causing the ruin of countless families). This reflects a broader reality where war and conflict led to the disintegration of established communities and the livelihoods of ordinary citizens, further compounding the societal problems faced during this era.

Moreover, the text eloquently addresses the delusion of heroism among politicians and military leaders, questioning their motivations while highlighting the suffering inflicted on innocent civilians: “porque hoy comprometen a todos los pacificos labradores cargados de famiha” (because today they compromise all the peaceful farmers burdened with families). The juxtaposition of misguided leadership against the backdrop of the struggles of everyday people offers a striking commentary on the consequences of divided loyalties and reckless ambition.

 Conclusion

"Los Remedios de la Patria" serves as a historical artifact that captures the complexity and turmoil of a transitional period in California's history. Through its rhetorical lamentations and keen observations, the article contributes to a broader understanding of how the ambitions and conflicts of a few can adversely affect countless innocent lives. Understanding such sentiments is essential for historians, as they reflect the experiences of communities grappling with change amid external and internal strife. The call for a return to reason, encapsulated in the poignant reminder that “se quieros morirte de hombre muerete, pero no obligues a nadie a que se nueve” (if you want to die as a man, die, but do not force anyone to die) resonates deeply, echoing the need for responsible governance rooted in care for the populace.

 Los Remedios de la Patria: Reflections on Ambition and Disease in Early Californian Society

In the vibrant tapestry of the 1840s, California stood at a pivotal junction—a fledgling society wrestling with deep-seated ailments that had long afflicted not just the territory but the Republic of Mexico itself. The article "Los Remedios de la Patria," published by *The Californian*, captures this era of disillusionment, blending critiques of ambition and inefficiency with a poignant sense of despair. Amidst political turmoil and social upheaval, the reflections contained within this piece paint a vivid portrait of a society in profound transformation—one whose echoes continue to resonate today.

 A Contextual Framework of 1840s California

To appreciate the depth of the article’s message, it is crucial to situate it within the tumultuous context of 1840s California. The aftermath of the Mexican-American War (1846-1848) had birthed a new era marked by escalating tensions regarding governance, wealth distribution, and societal advancement. During this climate, individual ambition surged, vying for power while systemic issues—including land grants, mission secularization, and an influx of settlers—remapped the regional landscape, both physically and politically.

This backdrop of discontent is evident in the article’s critical tone. The stark contrast between “high California” and a “sickly” Republic of Mexico hints not only at a societal decline but also at a profound leadership failure—a recurring theme in civilizations throughout history. The article suggests that leaders, referred to as “mandarinos,” grew indifferent to the pressing needs of the populace, choosing instead to favor a privileged few who thrived amid neglect.

Ambition as Contagion

Delving into the roots of corruption, the author likens the rampant ambition and self-serving tendencies of the ruling elite to a contagion infecting the very fabric of California—“La alta California se hayaba enferma como toda nuestra republica, de la epidemia contagiosa del aspirantiame.” This striking analogy frames ambition not merely as a quest for achievement but as a debilitating disease that fosters further suffering and destabilization.

Here, the article implicitly critiques a system that nurtures such ambition, giving rise to an unwieldy bureaucracy filled with “holgazanes”—or idlers. While ambition can indeed be a natural human drive, the narrative exposes its darker side, revealing how unchecked desire can precipitate systemic failures and erode accountability. This fervor transcends individual aspirations; it evolves into a collective affliction that imperils the well-being of the entire community.

Concerns about political patronage further complicate the narrative. The establishment of numerous positions ostensibly aimed at rewarding loyal supporters muddled the landscape with incompetence. The repercussions extended beyond inefficiency; a deepening societal division emerged—one that would take years to heal if left unaddressed.

The Role of the Missions

A central theme in this scathing commentary is the role of the missions, which served as essential institutions underpinning early Californian society’s economy and communal life. As the article suggests, the ambitions of the political elite ultimately overshadowed and dismantled these missions, leading to their decline and dissipation.

The sentiment, “cuando algunos de ellos jugaban, ó querían jugar, hacian pedido contra las misiones hasta concluirlas,” starkly reflects the grim reality where crucial societal supports were stripped of their resources, reduced to mere pawns in political machinations.

The disintegration of the missions reverberated throughout the community, not only instigating immediate social instability but also inviting chaos—a breeding ground for exploitation. In their desperation, Californians witnessed a tragic erosion of foundational values and practices that once nurtured their land. The lament of “men without judgment” resonates deeply, encapsulating the sorrow for lost opportunities for unity and cooperation.

 Social Destruction Through Disunity

Disunity emerges as another critical theme within this critique, underscoring the perils of internal contention when collaboration is vital for survival. The article mourns how factions formed among “angelinos” (residents of Los Angeles) and others, as individuals opted for tribalism over solidarity. Rather than coming together to confront common challenges, they became immersed in misguided beliefs that their groups could wield power through coercive tactics.

The author’s rhetorical question, “¿Es posible Dios eterno, que los manos hijos de una afligida madie la hayan de ocasion en la muerte?” reveals a profound sense of disillusionment. It challenges the integrity of inherited virtue and interrogates the moral compass of those who, even amid their professed love for the homeland, contribute to its suffering through narrow ambitions.

This fraught disunity, paired with the tumult of ambition, leads to catastrophic missteps that pave the way for socio-economic ruin. The “pacificos labradores”—those seeking only sustenance from their labor—find themselves ensnared in the consequences of decisions made by power-seeking individuals.

This dynamic draws a poignant parallel to contemporary society, where innocent civilians often become collateral damage in ideological skirmishes or the caprices of the elite. The struggle for principled leadership capable of fostering genuine unity remains universally relevant, inviting us to reflect on our own societal challenges.

The Illusion of Progress

The article culminates in a contemplation of the “illusions of progress”—a theme that resonates through historical narratives. It critiques political upheaval as an empty spectacle, suggesting that relentless conflicts and ideological divides yield no real benefit. Instead, these internal struggles serve to fragment and undermine what could potentially be a thriving society.

The author astutely warns against a cycle of destruction wherein ambition supplants true patriotism: “Los que dicen Viva la patria como los que dicen muera, le aplican un mismo remedio.” This statement is not only a critique but a clarion call for introspection regarding the essence of patriotism—encouraging individuals to question whether their ambitions genuinely align with the well-being of California.

In advocating for pacifism and rationality, the article suggests a path toward harmony amidst chaos. By prioritizing communal welfare over personal ambitions, a genuine avenue for progress can emerge, highlighting insights that remain pertinent in modern discourse surrounding societal unity.

 Conclusion: Insights for Modern Society

“Los Remedios de la Patria” offers an insightful reflection that delves into the complexities of human ambition while illuminating weaknesses in governance and communal solidarity. The struggles faced by early Californians resonate across the ages, compelling us to ponder our motivations, the drivers behind our actions, and the true essence of serving the greater good.

Thus, this piece from *The Californian* serves as an enduring reminder that unchecked aspirations, when steeped in selfishness or division, can lead not to progress but decay. By examining past lessons, we can embark on a journey toward fostering partnership, shared responsibility, and an authentic concern for the welfare of each member of our community.

As we contemplate the legacies of ambition and disunity, let us strive to transcend “the deceptions of ambition” and cultivate inclusive systems. Together, we can build communities focused on collaboration rather than division, laying the groundwork for a flourishing “patria.” While challenges abound, they should not deter our collective pursuit of a brighter, more united tomorrow.

Key Phrases:

1. **Political Turmoil in 1840s California** - This refers to the significant political changes following the Mexican-American War. For further reading on the historical context and its impacts, visit the [California Historical Society](https://californiahistoricalsociety.org/).

2. **Land Grants and Mission Secularization** - These concepts are crucial to understanding land ownership and the role of missions in California's development. For a detailed explanation, see this article on [Mission History](https://www.history.com/topics/westward-expansion/mission-indian-records).

3. **Corruption and Bureaucracy** - The text discusses how ambition leads to corruption within governance structures. For insights into the relationship between ambition and corruption in political systems, refer to this study on [Political Corruption](https://www.transparency.org/en/what-is-corruption).

4. **Disunity Among Californians** - The theme of fragmentation among communities can be explored further in articles discussing social cohesion. For a broader perspective, see this analysis on [Social Cohesion](https://www.un.org/en/observances/social-cohesion-day).

5. **Disintegration of Missions** - The decline of missions and their impact on society is a significant historical element. For more, check this article titled [The Decline of California’s Missions](https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feduc.2020.00011/full).

6. **Illusion of Progress** - This phrase critiques perceived advancements that do not address root issues in society. To delve deeper into this theme, refer to the book “The Myth of Progress” by Allen D. Callahan, available [here](https://mitpress.mit.edu/9780262034382/the-myth-of-progress/).

7. **Ambition and Collective Welfare** - Analyzing how personal ambitions can conflict with community needs is essential. For further exploration of this, see the article on [Collective Action](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_action).

8. **Impact of Political Patronage** - Patronage systems influence governance and societal outcomes substantially. To understand more about this topic, see the overview on [Political Patronage](https://www.britannica.com/topic/patronage).

9. **Leadership and Governance Failures** - Leadership indifference to public needs can destabilize societies. For insights into effective governance, check this resource on [Good Governance](https://www.unescap.org/resources/good-governance).

10. **Patriotism vs. Personal Ambition** - The tension between love for one’s country and self-serving ambitions is worth exploring. For a scholarly discussion, refer to this journal article on [Patriotism](https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5325/jnacadmeme.1.1.0001).

**Citation**: The Californian
- LOS REMEDIOS DE LA PATRIA, 1846-11-21
https://cdnc.ucr.edu/ University of California Riverside Digital Newspaper Archive

Original Article:

SON PEORES QUE LA ENFERMEDAD.—La alta California se hayaba enferma como toda nuestra republica, de la epidemia contagiosa del aspirantiame; esta departamento se empesó á agiabar, desde el año 1836, sus males havian continuado aumentandose ó isnunullandose segun las circumstancios, ó la mas ó menos ceveridad de sus mandarinos los que se havian apoderado de la hacienda nacional y las misiones, como un patrimonio de ellos; estos caudales, se distribuian con prodigalidad, entre toda la muchodumbre de satelitos ó proselitos de diches mandarines, se criatos multitud de empleados que no se necesitaban; los grandos militares se esparcieron con mas abundancia que en el paraguai, aunque con la diferencia; que el doctor Francia cuando murío, dejo ocho millones en las cajas nacionales, a la pas que los mandarines de este pais cuando han muerto (politicamente) han dejado a su patria enredado en sangre y empeñado en algunos miles. La ereacion de empleados y militares se puede decir, era forzeso para premiar á los que havian servido de escalones para su subida, con este no se hiso otra cosa, mas de criar una turba de holgazanes, los que se havian acostumbrado a vivir de la hacienda, y aun algo mas de los bienes agenos. Pues cuando algunos de ellos jugaban, ó querian jugar, hacian pedido contra las misiones hasta concluirlas; mas hoy que ya no hay misiones se ve, que unos cuentos ingratos, hijos de esta enferma Patria, hombres sin juicio, ni reflexion; y sin gota de amor patria, le aplican un remedio en que la han puesto al bordo del sepulcro; y para sacia su ambicion o sestener sus vicios y vivir en la holgasa, tremolau el pacellos Mexicano, el que siempre han aberrecido. A Maulas! el que no los conoce que los compre! y publican un bando, con pesa de muerte y confiscacion de bienes al que no siga su partida. Aqui tienen V V autorizados a los ladrones para hecharse sobre los bienes agenos; con razon se ha despoblado toda la bega del rio o Pueblo del refugio! El imprudente paso dado en los Angeles no ha hecho otra cosa, mas de comprometer altamente a todos nuestra hermanos, ocasionando la ruina de inumerables familias.— Quien desconoce que la riqueza de esta meribundo pais, es el ganado y las labores, y que para mantener estos, es de absoluta secesinad la caballada esto se ha quitado por ambos partidos, luego la muerte escierta y tan inevitable, comoque la salad de este lunguido Departemento es solicitado por los misinos que le han causado la enfermedad, Doloroso caso! que tanto los que dicen, Viva la patria como los que dicen muera, le aplican un mismo remedio. No puedo menos que esclamar y decir. Es posible Dios eterno, que los manos hijos de una afligida madie la hayan de ocasion en la muerte sin mas que por ese espiritu de ambicion a los empleos que no saben desempeñar: y cuya ambicion, rebisten con el amor patria; amor que no han tenido mi la consecen, pues se tubieron un pequeña revolucion: pues debien conocer que al deparamento no le han traido ningunos benes, y si, su total estermi io. Ahora si es eresto que la han invadido, porque, cuando sacó el oso la cabeza no se reunio todo el departamento y le arrancó no solo esta, sino hasta las entranas? en tonces si, huviera sido un heroismo digno de eterno memoria en toda las nacioaes civilizados; y entonoes, que debieron hacer us esfuerzo; es por el contrario, puso se dividan en bandos, y el inepeto Prefeto Don Manuel Castro de orden para que los jueces del Pueblo de San José desconocieran las ordenes del Comandante General Don José Castro (hecho por ellomismos.) A pesar de ese el espresado Comandante Castro hacienda un esfuerzo, reunió como 400 hombres, y de San Juan a San Luis se le desertas la mayor parte; a ese se seguió la accion obscura del Gobernador Pico en el mision San Luis, el plan de San Diego contra los Señores Castro y Alvarado al tiempo que iban a batir al Señor Fremont. Luego si esta ha sido al comportamiento anterior; porque hoy comprometen a todos los pacificos labradores cargados de famiha, los que solo comos de sus pocos ó muchos bienes; cuyos intereses, los que no los han perdido los van a perden y por que? por seguir los desordenes de una erda de zaragates, que nada tienen que perder Digalo Serbole Barela y otros muchos como este conocidos por unos hombres aqui y mal entretenidos, los que hasta le que comen diaramento es ganancia. Ahora convengamos en esto, con que ueeursos cuentan los Angelinos; tienen fondes? el supreme Gobierno los ha rnandado algun avxilio aguardan. porque adelantareo á causar tantos males? eunque mas se quiere decir, el pronunciamente no es otra cosa que ambicion de mando y bienes agenes, para reponerse por las pecar o muchas reses que havian arbitrado de las oifuntas Misienes, las han concluido. Lo que es mas de estreñar es que el Señor Flores y otras hombres que parecia tener juicio, se hayan metico en cio Zarral; seguramente estos Señores no saben, ó se les ha alvidado la historia del finado Angel Ramirez; y por si no lo supieron se los recitaré. El espresado Ramires promovie y protejió con su dinero y scaudillo la revoluction del ano 1836 y como fueronpagaso o su erticios con ub slabezo donde ladios regian el cuerpo, y su vida termino con un bemeno. Luego que aguarden V V si la victoria qurdara por los Angelinos? podemos creer que en esto que taria todo? que fatuosidad seria el creerlo: catonces resultaria mas de ——— un candidato para ser Goberander, y para ser Comandante General mas de ——— dos de lo que resultaria en el pais las guerras intestinas, y cuando bien terminara la cuestion, vendriamos a que dar en la que poco antes eramos, dividido el departamento en cuatra secciones, y en cada lugarcito, un reyecito ó un Diosecito. En fin compatriotas, paisanos y amigos, yo os suplico y os onbid á que nos sujetemos a lo que Adan cuando lo hechó fuera del paraiso el Angel; y quieremos ó no quieremos somos herederos de la maldicion. En la revolucion teneis la vida vendida y viveis sin nosiego, estaia lejos de vuestras familias y al borda de perderlos de vista para siempre en la labor estais seguro, disfrutais de salud, comeis y dormeis a sus horas, aumentais vuestas bienes. Reflexa bien esto, entrar en juicio y aprovechaso de una antigua maxima que dico; se quieros morirte de hombre muerete, pero no obligues a nadie a que se nueve. EL AMIGO DE LA VERDAD.

A Look into "Late from Monterey" from The Californian

 

The article reports on the murder of 24 Mexicans at Gualopa by a party of Americans, with suspicion falling on the United States dragoons and Texas rangers. General Taylor is determined to punish those responsible. The article also describes the horrid scene of a previous massacre where wagoners were killed and mutilated by Mexican soldiers. General Urrea is reported to be at Linaries with artillery, while US troops are garrisoning nearby towns for safety.

A Look into "Late from Monterey" from The Californian

The article titled "LATE FROM MONTEREY," dated April 4 and relayed through a letter, provides a harrowing account of violent skirmishes during the Mexican-American War (1846-1848). This piece reflects not only the brutal realities and horrors of war but also the underlying tensions and interactions between American forces and local Mexican populations, as well as the implications of military responsibility during a turbulent period in U.S.-Mexican relations.

 Contextual Analysis

This report arrives at a time when the United States was deeply involved in the Mexican-American War, which stemmed from territorial disputes after the annexation of Texas. The conflict was marked by increasing hostilities and significant violence from both sides. The events detailed in the article occur amidst a backdrop of escalating tensions, particularly in the northern regions of Mexico, where American troops were attempting to assert control over territories claimed by the United States.

The specific incident mentioned, the murder of 24 Mexicans at Gualopa, underscores the fragility of the American military command. The letter states, “The murder is said to have been committed on the 28 ult.— On that night a train of loaded wagons, escorted by 200 infantry,” indicating that even with substantial military presence, violence erupted. The implication that American soldiers might be involved in such a heinous crime suggests potential accountability issues and an atmosphere of lawlessness that was often characteristic of military operations during this war.

 Direct Quotes and Their Significance

1. **“Suspicion rests upon some part of this corps, though no clue has as yet been found to discover the guilty.”** This quote reveals the immediate concern among the command structure regarding the conduct of American troops. The mention of suspicion implies a fracture in discipline and raises questions about the adherence to military ethics, a theme that would haunt many military engagements throughout American history.

2. **“General Taylor has got his steam up on the subject, and is determined to have hung every one who it can be proved, has taken part in the murder.”** General Zachary Taylor’s resolve to punish those culpable reflects not only an attempt to uphold order but also to maintain a facade of justice in the face of such brutal acts. This also demonstrates the significant challenges military leaders faced regarding troop behavior that contradicted the values the U.S. sought to project internationally.

3. **“Some had their hearts cut out and suspended upon the bushes, or thrust into their mouths. The eyes of others were dug from their sockets...”** This grotesque description serves to illustrate the extreme violence that characterized military engagements during this time. Such brutal imagery starkly contrasts with the prevailing ideals of honor and valiance often romanticized in military narratives, presenting a grim reality of war that starkly accentuates the moral implications of both the Mexican and American actions.

 Historical Interpretation

The article serves as a microcosm of the broader conflict, showcasing the human capacity for violence amid wartime chaos. The mention of “regular soldiers of the Mexican army” implies that cruelty was not limited to rogue individuals but was, in some instances, systemic and reflective of the brutal context of warfare. Additionally, the commentary about the ‘mutilation’ of bodies not only highlights the savagery associated with this particular theater of war but also speaks to the dehumanizing effects of prolonged conflict, where both sides engaged in acts designed to instill fear.

Moreover, the phrase “the scene is truly the most horrid and revolting that I have ever witnessed” positions the narrator as a witness to atrocities, which can serve as both a personal and collective critique of the war. It raises questions about the ethics of warfare and serves as a stark reminder of the costs of conflict on human life and dignity.

 Conclusion

The content of the article “LATE FROM MONTEREY” intertwines firsthand accounts of violence with broader historical themes of military conduct, accountability, and the brutal realities of the Mexican-American War. It acts as a crucial primary source for understanding the violence that accompanied the military campaigns and the clash of cultures during this contentious period in American history. Such accounts are essential for historians seeking to decode the complex narratives surrounding war and its impact on both soldiers and civilians, underlining how the consequences of such conflicts reverberate well beyond their immediate context.

 Echoes of Violence: A Look into "Late from Monterey" from The Californian

Introduction

The mid-19th century was a crucial juncture in American history, especially during the tumultuous years between 1846 and 1848 marked by the Mexican-American War. This conflict not only reshaped borders but deeply influenced the cultural fabric of North America. Within this historical context, the article "Late from Monterey" from *The Californian* offers a stark glimpse into the violent realities of warfare, societal upheaval, and the unsettling narratives that persist to this day. Through its portrayal of brutality faced by individuals during the conflict, the article serves as a powerful reminder of the human cost of war and the enduring echoes of violence that resonate across time.

 Background: The Mexican-American War

Before unearthing the specific events highlighted in the article, it’s essential to explore the broader historical context of the Mexican-American War—an episode characterized by territorial ambitions and the controversial doctrine of Manifest Destiny. This ideology, championing the idea of American expansion across North America, was both a rallying cry and a destructive force. The annexation of Texas in 1845 ignited tensions with Mexico, ultimately escalating into full-scale war. This era challenged not just military strategies but also fundamental issues of sovereignty, national identity, and human sacrifice.

As the war unfolded, the United States gained significant territories—now known as California, Arizona, New Mexico, and parts of Colorado, Nevada, and Utah—at a grievous cost to human life and ethical considerations. As we delve into the *Californian's* harrowing accounts, we witness a continuum of violence that has both immediate and long-lasting implications.

 A Gruesome Report from Monterey

The article reprints extracts from a letter dated April 4, detailing horrific events around the town of Gualopa, Mexico, where 24 Mexicans were murdered by a group of Americans. The jarring phrase “the murder is said to have been committed by a party of Americans, numbering about 20” pulls readers immediately into a grim reality that underscores the lawlessness and ethical decay that can pervade wartime.

The chilling details of execution—binding unarmed prisoners before they were shot—cast a shadow of dishonor on the American forces involved. Notably, the letter states, “General Taylor has got his steam up on the subject, and is determined to have hung every one who it can be proved, has taken part in the murder.” This excerpt indicates a palpable tension within military ranks, revealing a desperate quest for accountability amid rampant violence.

Such brutal acts starkly contrast with Taylor's call for justice, as the landscape is marred by the image of “the remains of the murdered men lay upon the plains, their flesh devoured by Mexican wolves and buzzards.” This harrowing imagery not only evokes the horror of warfare but also compels readers to confront the inhumanity that stains both sides of the conflict.

 The Complexity of Violence

The interactions between American and Mexican forces cultivated an environment in which acts of brutality became alarmingly normalized. The letter captures the inhumanity experienced by wagoners ambushed during the conflict, recounting grotesque atrocities where “some had their hearts cut out and suspended upon the bushes, or thrust into their mouths.” These horrific displays serve as a dual tactic of terror and a reflection of societal collapse, where humanity unravels under the stress of war.

The internal struggle is palpable; the perpetrators of these heinous acts were regular soldiers within the Mexican army. The article mentions, “these were committed by General Urrea's men—the regular soldiers of the Mexican army!” This blurring of moral lines highlights a conflict not only between nations but within the very fabric of humanity. Each violent act compels us to grapple with questions of honor, dignity, and the ethics surrounding warfare.

Moreover, such narratives complicate the notion of American exceptionalism that pervades discussions of Manifest Destiny. The depiction of Mexican soldiers committing brutal acts against prisoners prompts readers to reconsider the implications of their beliefs and the wars fought in their name.

The Broader Human Costs of War

The harrowing accounts in *The Californian* transcend mere stories of violence; they encapsulate the broader human costs of war. Families—both American and Mexican—grappled with loss that extended far beyond the battlefield. The devastation of lives, the disintegration of communities, and the mourning of those caught in the crossfire serve as poignant reminders of the simplistic narrative that war consists solely of victories and defeats.

The article vividly articulates despair, stating, “More than three-fourths of them, it is thought, were killed—and their bodies shockingly mutilated and disfigured.” Such details lay bare the profound disregard for human life that often pervades wartime contexts, challenging us to confront the unsettling truths that lie beneath the valorized images of war.

Today, the trauma from conflicts, like those depicted in the *Californian*, echoes in contemporary discussions about military engagement, definitions of “just” warfare, and the responsibilities toward veterans and the displaced. These narratives remind us that the scars of battle often endure long after the last shots are fired.

 The Response from Leadership

Amidst this chaos, General Taylor's response sheds light on leadership's engagement with wartime atrocities. His commitment to “have hung every one who it can be proved, has taken part in the murder” underscores an attempt to uphold honor and discipline within military ranks. However, the pursuit of accountability becomes complex in the face of overwhelming chaos, where violence often begets further violence.

This intricate dance between leadership and lawlessness illustrates a fundamental challenge in the aftermath of conflict: establishing order amidst disorder. As Taylor seeks to restore accountability, he grapples with the daunting task of differentiating guilt in a landscape torn apart by war.

Furthermore, the mention of “the Mexican wolves and buzzards” feeding on the remains serves as a powerful metaphor for the cyclical nature of violence—how it perpetuates suffering for both the aggressor and the victim. This imagery resonates with the idea that societies may remain overshadowed by their histories, with socio-political contexts continually shaping national identity through prevailing narratives.

 Reflections on Memory and Commemoration

As we reflect on the events detailed in the article, it becomes evident that memory plays a crucial role in understanding the cultural implications of war. The historical accounts in *The Californian* are not simply records; they lay the foundation for how such events are remembered or memorialized in modern society.

The neglect of the slain—leaving bodies exposed to scavengers—serves as a metaphor for how conflicts often render lives and stories invisible. Engaging with these narratives fosters empathy and reinforces the importance of recognizing the human cost of violence, urging future generations to grasp the significance of life amid the horrors of warfare.

In modern times, continual discourse around historical violence necessitates sensitivity and depth. As society constructs memorials or shares stories through various mediums, the imperative for accuracy remains paramount to preserving the humanity of those involved. Academia, art, and literature strive to wrestle with the implications of war, ensuring that the voices of the past do not fade into obscurity.

 Conclusion

The article "Late from Monterey” stands as both a haunting account of violence and a powerful artifact provoking reflections on the ramifications of war, human nature, and our collective memory. The brutal realities faced by soldiers and civilians on both sides reveal the intricate complexities inherent in warfare—showcasing facets of the human experience that extend far beyond mere historical footnotes.

As we engage with narratives born out of such fundamental conflicts, it is essential to recognize that the echoes of those events resonate throughout our present lives, shaping societal values, notions of justice, and our understanding of the sacrifices made in the name of national identity. The journey to reconcile these stories compels us to aspire for a future not defined by the repetition of history but informed by the lessons extracted from it.

Key Phrases:

1. **Mexican-American War** - This war significantly impacted territorial and cultural landscapes in North America. For further reading, see this overview of the war from [U.S. History](https://www.ushistory.org/us/29.asp).

2. **Manifest Destiny** - The ideology that justified American expansionism, often at the cost of other nations. For an analysis of this concept, check out [ThoughtCo. on Manifest Destiny](https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-manifest-destiny-104613).

3. **Human costs of war** - A consideration of the toll that violence takes on societies, beyond military losses. Explore the effects of war on civilian populations in this study from [The Lancet](https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)30913-3/fulltext).

4. **Wartime atrocities** - Acts of violence against civilians and unarmed individuals during conflict. For more on this subject, consult the report from [Human Rights Watch](https://www.hrw.org/publications).

5. **American exceptionalism** - The belief that the United States is inherently different from other nations, influencing its foreign policy. Read about this complex topic in the article at [Foreign Affairs](https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/2018-01-02/american-exceptionalism-and-american-foreign-policy).

6. **Accountability in military leadership** - The complexities of upholding justice and order in the aftermath of conflict. For insights into military accountability, visit [The Geneva Academy](https://www.geneva-academy.ch).

7. **Scavengers in war contexts** - The symbolic and literal implications of bodies remaining exposed in war. To understand the historical context, read "Bodies in War" from [MIT Press](https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/bodies-war).

8. **Cultural memory of war** - The role of memory in shaping societal understanding of historical conflicts. For deeper exploration, see [The International Encyclopedia of Communication](https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781405186414.wbiecm070).

9. **Socio-political implications of historical violence** - How past conflicts can continue to shape identity and politics. For further exploration, visit the article on historical memory from [The Guardian](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jul/12/history-memory).

10. **Echoes of violence** - The lasting impacts of historical violence on contemporary society. For insights, check the article from [Social Justice Journal](https://www.socialjusticejournal.org).

**Citation**: The Californian
- LATE FROM MONTEREY., 1847-10-27
https://cdnc.ucr.edu/ University of California Riverside Digital Newspaper Archive

Original Article:

The schooner Heroine arrived at New Orleans, on Thursday, from the Brazos. The Delta contains a, letter dated Monterey, April 4, from which we made the following extracts: Three days ago the alcalde and priest of a small town some twenty miles distant, on the road to China, came in in and reported to General Taylor the murder of 24 Mexicans, at Gualopa, a small rancho about six miles from Ramus. The murder was committed, they say, by a party of Americans, numbering about 20, and was done in the night. The murdered men were first made prisoners, tied, and afterwards all shot through their heads. The murder is said to have been committed on the 28 ult.— On that night a train of loaded wagons, escorted by 200 infantry, and about the same number of horse under the command of Colonel Mitchell, of the 1st Ohio regiment, encamped at Marin, which is about five miles from the scene of the murder. The mounted men were composed of the United States dragoons and Texas rangers, under the command of Captain Graham, of the 2d dragoons - Suspicion rests upon some part of this corps, though no clue has as yet been found to discover the guilty. The officers in command— gentlemen and rigid disciplinarians - are using every means in their power to investigate the matter. Gen. Taylor has got his steam up on the subject, and is determined to have hung every one who it can be proved, has taken part in the murder. The town where these men were killed is but a few miles from the place where she large train was captured and so many wagoners massacred on the 22d of February. Some 15 or 20 of the wagoners who escaped from that massacre came up in the last train, yet there is no evidence that they were engaged in the Gualopa murder. I passed over the place of the massacre of the 22d of February a few days ago, and the scene is truly the most horrid and revolting that I have ever witnessed. The remains of the murdered men, yet unburied, stripped of every particle of clothing, lay upon the plains, their flesh devoured by Mexican wolves and buzzards, and their bones bleached in tho sun. The train was a very large and valuable one, and streatched out from three to four miles in length. The attack was made upon the escort, who were in the advance, by a large body of lancers. The escort, forty men, under Lieutenant Barbour of the Kentucky Legion, were all taken prisoners, and are now in the possessin of Urrea. The lancers charged down the train, and lanced without mercy the waggoners as they ran for their lives to the chapparal. More than three-fourths of them, it is thought, were killed — and their bodies shockingly mutilated and disfigured. Those who passed the scene a few days after say that some had their hearts cut out and suspended upon the bushes, or thrust into their mouths. The eyes of others were dug from their sockets and inserted in the wounds made in other parts of their bodies ; and other mutilations were performed that would make even a North American savage blush to look at. Yet these were committed by General Urrea's men—the regular soldiers of the Mexican army ! Urrea, by last accounts, was at Linaries, expecting reinforcements. It is rumored that he has four pieces of artillery with him. Marin, Cerralvo, Mier, and China, will all be garrisoned by our troops, which will render our communication with Camargo entirely safe. The troops here are in excellent health and condition.