Governor S. W. Kearny of California has granted the Beach and Water Lots on the East front of San Francisco to the people or corporate authorities of the town. These lots will be divided and sold at public auction, with the proceeds benefiting the town. The sale is scheduled for June 29, 1847, and the property is considered highly valuable for commercial purposes, positioning San Francisco as a major commercial hub on the Pacific Coast.

The Great Sale of Valuable Real Estate in San Francisco: Shaping the Future of a City

The article titled "GREAT SALE OF VALUABLE REAL ESTATE IN THE TOWN OF SAN FRANCISCO" encapsulates a pivotal moment in the history of San Francisco during the mid-19th century, highlighting the legal and commercial implications of land ownership in the city shortly after the Mexican-American War. The decree issued by Brigadier General S. W. Kearny on March 10, 1847, played a significant role in transitioning land title from the U.S. government to the municipal authority of San Francisco, thereby facilitating the city's growth as a commercial hub.

Analysis

The article reflects both the rapid transformation of San Francisco and the broader implications of U.S. territorial expansion. After acquiring California from Mexico in 1846, the U.S. government was faced with the practicalities of governance and land distribution. The decree stated that "all the right, title, and interest of the Government of the United States, and of the Territory of California... to the Beach and Water Lots on the East front of... San Francisco... is granted... to the people, or corporate authorities of said Town." This transfer laid the foundation for the extensive real estate market that would emerge as San Francisco burgeoned, particularly during the California Gold Rush starting in 1848.

The site's significance as a "COMMANDING COMMERCIAL POSITION on the entire western Coast of the Pacific Ocean" emphasizes San Francisco's strategic location for maritime trade. With its natural harbor, the location was set to become the "COMMERCIAL EMPORIUM of the western side of the North American continent." Such descriptions showcase not only the prospective economic importance but also the optimism surrounding the city's development and its anticipated role in the wider Pacific economy.

Moreover, the sale terms specified ("one fourth cash; one fourth in six months; one fourth in twelve months; and one fourth in eighteen months") indicate an early understanding of modern land sales practices, reflecting considerations for accessibility to investors and merchants. This structured approach facilitated the influx of capital and settlers looking to establish businesses in what was poised to become a bustling commercial center.

 Historical Context

To understand the implications of this decree further, it’s essential to contextualize it within the era of westward expansion and Manifest Destiny. The mid-19th century saw an intensified drive for territorial acquisition by the United States, spurred by the belief that expansion was a divinely ordained right. The Mexican-American War (1846-1848) was a pivotal moment that resulted in the U.S. acquiring vast territories, including California. Therefore, Kearny’s decree was not just a local administrative action but part of a broader narrative about American growth and economic promise.

Edwin Bryant, as Alcalde and Chief Magistrate, reiterated the urgency of acquiring these lots, noting, "the acquisition of it, is an object of deep interest to all mercantile Houses in California and elsewhere." This statement underscores how vital land ownership and access to commercial opportunities were perceived in the wake of a rapidly expanding market.

The article encapsulates a crucial administrative decree with far-reaching implications for urban development in San Francisco. It illustrates the intersection of military governance and economic ambition during a transformative period in American history. The sale of beach and water lots transformed not just the geography of the city but also its socio-economic landscape, signalling the beginning of its ascent as a major port and economic center on the Pacific Coast. This moment marked a foundational step in what would eventually grow into one of the most significant cities in the United States.

The Great Sale of Valuable Real Estate in San Francisco: Shaping the Future of a City

In March 1847, a pivotal moment in California's history unfolded with a decisive decree from Brigadier General S. W. Kearny, the Governor of California. This proclamation granted a vast area of beachfront property in San Francisco to municipal authorities, setting the stage for a monumental public auction on June 29, 1847. The decision to sell these 'Beach and Water Lots' marked a turning point in San Francisco's emergence as a key commercial hub on the Pacific coast. The implications of this decree continue to reverberate through our contemporary understanding of urban development, property rights, and California's evolving economic landscape. In this blog post, we will dissect the significance of this sale, exploring its context, the motivations behind the decree, and how it laid the foundations for what we now recognize as modern San Francisco.

The Historical Context of the Decree

California in the mid-1840s was a land of immense transformation. Following its annexation by the United States in 1846, the region was rife with legal and territorial uncertainties. The conclusion of the Mexican-American War left many unsettled questions, and while the Gold Rush of 1848 was on the horizon, at this time, the area was primarily developing as a burgeoning commercial center—led by San Francisco.

Kearny's Role and Authority

At the heart of this transformative moment was Brigadier General Kearny, who served not only as a military leader but also as a transitional governor committed to stabilizing California amidst its political chaos. By transferring rights to valuable coastal lands to the citizens of San Francisco, Kearny sought to provide the city with essential assets for economic growth. He recognized the property offered for sale as "the most valuable in, or belonging to the Town," a perspective rooted in San Francisco's rising reputation as an exceptional port city.

The Legal Framework of the Sale

Kearny's decree served a dual purpose: it was a legal maneuver that facilitated municipal governance and an initiative aimed at economic development. By "granting, conveying, and releasing" rights on behalf of the United States and the Territory of California for the public good, Kearny established a foundation for the legal management of land—an act that would have lasting implications for property laws and urban planning.

The Public Auction and Its Implications

The decree specified that land between Fort Montgomery and Rincon would be surveyed, subdivided into lots, and sold at a public auction on June 29, 1847. Buyers were required to pay a quarter of their purchase price upfront, with the remaining three-quarters due over the following eighteen months at a 10% interest rate. This financing strategy was crafted to stimulate investment in the growing city while ensuring larger establishments had the capital necessary to flourish.

Public Interest and Economic Strategy

The public auction generated substantial interest, drawing eager participants from "mercantile Houses in California and elsewhere" who viewed San Francisco as the future "COMMERCIAL EMPORIUM of the western side of the North American continent." The stakes were clear: strategic economic investments in the city's real estate and infrastructure would not only enhance individual fortunes but foster overall growth and stability, setting the stage for a thriving metropolis.

Urban Development Tactics

This auction was not merely a financial transaction—it was the dawn of urban development strategies that we now recognize as essential to contemporary cities. San Francisco's advantageous geographical position as a Pacific port called for not just the exploitation of resources, but a visionary approach to urban planning. The decision to carve out "convenient building Lots for warehouses and stores" demonstrated a keen foresight into urban needs, reflecting what has since become a cornerstone of urban planning: the integration of commerce and residential living.

The Vision for San Francisco, The Transformation into a Commercial Hub

Recognizing San Francisco's potential as a major trading port, travelers and businesses alike acknowledged its "most COMMANDING COMMERCIAL POSITION." This strategic location enabled it to serve as a critical nexus for goods arriving from Asia and other parts of the Americas—establishing its significance in the network of international trade.

Legacy of Kearny's Decree

Importantly, Kearny's decree transcended the immediate land sale. It symbolized a governmental commitment to development and economic progress—a blueprint for future investments that would attract settlers, stimulate merchant ventures, and ultimately catalyze the explosive growth of a city synonymous with the American West. This auction was the springboard for a symbiotic relationship between private investment and public infrastructure, a dynamic still relevant in cities today.

Economic Diversification and Community Growth

As merchants acquired lots from the auction, a multi-faceted economy began to emerge—allowing diverse industries to flourish beyond mere trade. Shipping, warehousing, manufacturing, and later banking and technology began to take root. This evolution laid the groundwork for an adaptive economy capable of meeting ever-changing global market demands, a vital aspect for the sustainability and resilience of urban centers.

The Cultural Impact of the Sale

As San Francisco blossomed into a commercial center, it transformed into a melting pot of cultures, each drawn by the promise of opportunity. The influx of settlers from varied backgrounds wove a rich cultural tapestry that has defined San Francisco's identity. This multicultural dynamic remains crucial to understanding urban dynamics in modern America, illustrating how diversity is a key driver of city life.

Community Resilience and Identity Formation

Beyond economic opportunities, the sale catalyzed a sense of identity among San Francisco's populace. This emerging identity—characterized by resilience—reflects a broader theme in American history. It illustrates how moments like the auction integrated community aspirations with economic prospects, forging a collective identity that has endured through generations.

Urban Planning and Policy

The Great Sale of Valuable Real Estate offers a historical lesson in contemporary urban planning and policymaking. Modern cities continue to navigate the delicate balance between private development and community priorities. The foresight demonstrated by Kearny’s decree underscores the importance of strategic land-use planning—a principle that resonates in current zoning debates.

Economic Development Strategies

In an era of rapid urbanization and economic flux, the significance of public-private partnerships cannot be overstated. The outcomes of the auction illustrate how initial investments can lay the groundwork for long-term economic sustainability. For today’s urban policymakers, this translates to fostering environments where public interests align harmoniously with private ingenuity.

Cultural Identity and Community Engagement

The auction not only transformed economic landscapes but also highlighted the role of civic engagement in shaping a community's identity. As cities encounter challenges such as gentrification and displacement, the emphasis on retaining cultural identities through community involvement and storytelling becomes paramount. San Francisco’s history serves as a reminder that a city's growth can harmoniously coexist with cultural preservation.

Conclusion

The “Great Sale of Valuable Real Estate” in San Francisco marks a defining moment in California's narrative—a decree that laid the foundation for a vibrant and diverse metropolis. The themes of urban development, economic opportunity, and cultural identity interwoven into this historic auction have left enduring legacies that continue to influence the city today. By examining these past events, we gain invaluable insight into the challenges and opportunities cities face in a rapidly changing world.

San Francisco stands as a testament to the enduring power of intention, strategy, and community. As new challenges arise in the urban landscape, reflecting on historical milestones, such as Kearny's decree, provides both guidance and inspiration. From the bustling streets of today to the thoughtful deliberations of 1847, the journey of San Francisco encapsulates the relentless spirit of resilience, growth, and possibility—lessons that remain timeless and ever-relevant.

Key Phrases:

1. **California in 1847** - This phrase pertains to the socio-political landscape of California immediately following the Mexican-American War and before the Gold Rush. For further reading, see this article from [The California Historical Society](https://calhist.org/research/archives/) that explores the complexities of California's early statehood.

2. **Kearny's Role and Authority** - Understanding Brigadier General Kearny's impact on California's governance is crucial. For additional information, refer to this biography on Kearny from [California State Military Museum](https://www.militarymuseum.org/Kearny.html).

3. **Legal Framework of the Sale** - The legal implications of land grants and municipal governance are especially significant in urban planning. Further exploration can be found in this article on land rights and governance from [The U.S. Bureau of Land Management](https://www.blm.gov/programs/land-use-planning).

4. **Public Auction and Its Implications** - The dynamics of public auctions in urban development warrant deeper analysis. The implications of such auctions can be investigated in [Urban Land Institute’s publication](https://www.uli.org/).

5. **Economic Diversification and Community Growth** - The evolution of economic landscapes post-auction contributes to urban sustainability. For more information, see this study on urban economies from the [Brookings Institution](https://www.brookings.edu/research/urban-economics).

6. **Cultural Impact of the Sale** - The sale's effect on the cultural dynamics of San Francisco is vital for understanding urban identity. An insightful resource can be found in the article on cultural diversity in urban spaces from [The Urban Institute](https://www.urban.org/).

7. **Urban Planning and Policy** - The lessons from the sale provide a historical context for current urban planning practices. The American Planning Association offers comprehensive resources, accessible through their site: [American Planning Association](https://www.planning.org/).

8. **Economic Development Strategies** - The concept of public-private partnerships for sustainable development plays a crucial role in modern cities. For a deeper dive, read this report on economic strategies from [Institute for Local Government](https://www.ca-ilg.org/).

9. **Community Engagement** - The importance of civic engagement in shaping community identity is essential for contemporary urban settings. Refer to this piece from [The National Civic League](https://www.ncl.org/) that focuses on community engagement practices.

10. **Legacy of Kearny's Decree** - The long-term effects of Kearny's actions provide insight into future governance strategies. Explore the impact of governance in California history through the [California State Library](https://www.library.ca.gov/).

These key phrases and resources will support deeper understanding and encourage further exploration into the complexities surrounding San Francisco's historical real estate developments.

**Citation**: The Californian

- GREAT SALE OF VALUABLE REAL ESTATE IN THE TOWN OF SAN FRANCISCO., 1847-06-19
https://cdnc.ucr.edu/ University of California Riverside Digital Newspaper Archive

Original Article:

Upper California. BY the following decree of his Excellency, Gen. S. W. KEARNY, Governor of California, all the right, title, and interest of the United States, and of the Territory of California, to the Beach and Water Lots on the East front of the Town of San Francisco, have been granted, conveyed, and released, to the people, or Corporate authorities of said Town. DECREE OF GOV. KEARNY. "I Brigadier Gen. S. W. KEARNY, Governor of California, by virtue of authority in me vested, by the PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES of America, do hereby grant, convey, and release unto the Town of San Francisco, the people, or corporate authorities thereof all the right, title, and interest of the Government of the United States, and of the Territory of California in and to the Beach & Water Lots on the East front of said Town of San Francisco included between the points known as the Rincon and Fort Montgomery, excepting such Lots as may be selected for the use of the United States Government by the Senior Officers of the army and Navy now there; provided the said ground hereby ceded, shall be divided into Lots, and sold by public auction to the highest bidder, after three months notice previously given; the proceeds of said Sale to be for the benefit of the town of San Francisco. "Given at Monterey capital of California, this 10th day of March, 1847, and the 71 year of the Independence of the United States. S. W. KEARNY. Brig. Gen'l & Gov. of California. In pursuance of and in compliance with the conditions of the foregoing decree, all the ungranted tract of ground on the East front of the Town of San Francisco, lying and situated between Fort Montgomery and the Rincon, and known as the water Lots, (the reservations by the General and Town Governments excepted,) will be surveyed and divided into convenient building Lots for warehouses and stores, and offered at PUBLIC SALE, to the highest bidder, on TUESDAY, the 29th day of JUNE, next, at TEN o'clock, A. M. A plan of lots in connection with a general map of the Town, will be made out and exhibited on or before the day of sale. Temrs [Terms] of Sale, one fourth cash; one fourth in six months; one fourth in twelve months; and one fourth in eighteen months; the purchaser giving approved security bearing the interest of 10 per cent per anum, from the day of Sale. Other conditions made known on or before the day of Sale. The Site of the town of San Francisco is known by all navigators and Mercantile men, acquainted with the subject, to be the most COMMANDING COMMERCIAL POSITION on the entire western Coast of the Pacific Ocean, and the Town itself is no doubt, destined to become the COMMERCIAL EMPORIUM of the western side of the North American continent. The Property offered for Sale, is the most valuable in, or belonging to the Town, and the acquisition of it, is an object of deep interest to all mercantile Houses in California and elsewhere, engaged in the commerce of the Pacific. EDWIN BRYANT, Alcalde and Chief Magistrate, Town and District of San Francisco. San Francisco, Upper California, March 16, 1847. Given at Monterey, Capital of California, this 7th day of April 1847. S. W. KEARNY. Brig. General and Governor of California. ——— REMATE O VENTA EN SUBASTA PUBLICA, DE SOLARES EN LA PLAYA DEL PUEBLO DE SAN FRANCISCO. Alta California. Por el Decreto siguiente dado por S. E Don S. W. Kearny, General de Brigada de los E. U. y Gobernador de California—todo el derecho, titulo, y interes, de los Estados Unidos, y del Territorio de California, á los SOLARES en la Playa, ó en frente del Pueblo de San Francisco, se concedé y trasfiere ál Pueblo ó á las Autoridades Municipales de dicho Pueblo. DECRETO DE S. E. EL SEÑOR GOBERNADOR. Yo S. W. Kearny, General de Brigada y Gobernador de California, en virtud de los poderes que mi son conferidos dados por el PRESIDENTE de los ESTADOS UNIDOS de America, he tenido á bien canceder y participar al Pueblo de San Francisco, ó Autoridades Municipales de dicho Pueblo, todo el derecho, titulo, e interes del Gobierno de los Estados Unidos y del Territorio de California, en los Solares situados en la playa o ál Este de dicho Pueblo de San Francisco, incluidos entre los pantos conocidos con el nombre de "RINCON" y "Fortin Montgomery" exceptuando los solares que los Señores Comandantes del Egercito, y Marina, en San Francisco, eligan para el uso del Gobierno de los Estados Unidos. Preveniendo que el Terreno concedido en este décreto, sera dividido en Solares, y vendido en Publica Subasta a cualesquiera personas que los quieran comprar, despues de Aviso Publico, dado por tres meses. Los productos de la venta seran a beneficio del Pueblo de San Francisco. Dado en Monterey Capital de California, el diez dia del mes de Marzo, de 1847, y el año setenta y uno de la Independenceia de los Estados Unidos. S. W. KEARNY. Gen'l. de Brig. y Gov. de California. En virtud, y en cumplimiento, de las condiciones del Decreto que antecede, todos los terrenos baldios al frente Este del Pueblo de San Francisco, situados entre el ''Fortin Montgomery" y "Rincon," y conocidos con el nombre de los Solares de la Playa y los Bajos (ezceptuando los que sereserva el Gobierno General y el Pueblo) seran medidos, y divididos, en Solares convenientes para ubtcacion de casas de Comercio y Depositos, y ofrecido vender en publica Subasta al mayor pastor, el martes el 29 de Junio proximo álas diez de la mañana. Un plano de los Solares en conneccion con la mapa general del Pueblo, haran y exhibiran antes el dia de la venta. Condiciones de la Venta—una cuarta parte en Plata contado; una cuarta en seis meses, una cuarta en un año, y al otra cuarta en diez y ocho meses— el comprador dando seguridades aprobados con el in teres de diez por ciento annual, desde el dia de la venta. Otras condiciones, seran publicados antes, o en el diá dela venta. La posicion del Puebto de San Francisco, ss bien sa bido por todos los Navegantes y hombres de Comercio que visitan California, para ser la mejor y mas. VENTAJOSA POSICION COMERCIAL. en toda la costa del Mar Pacifico, y el Pueblo mismo, sinduda, esta destinado de ser el EMPORIO COMERCIAL de la Costa al Oeste del Comimente de Norte America. La propiedad ahora ofrecido en venta, es demas valor que cualquiera otra pesteniciendo al Pueblo, y la acqisicion de Solares alli, es un objeto de mucho interes por todos las Casas Mercantiles en California, y otras partes, que tienen interes en el Comercio del Mar Pacifico. EDWIN BRYANT, Alcalde del Pueblo y distrito de San Francisco. San Francisco Marzo el de 16, 1847. ——————

 

 

The writer, identified as SLATHEAL, responds to criticisms made in the "Star" paper about the editorial content of "The Californian." SLATHEAL defends the publication and criticizes the Town Council for their lack of public improvement efforts and financial mismanagement. The writer also addresses the issue of unsold lots being advertised for sale despite a lack of money in circulation, suggesting it may result in a loss for the town. Overall, SLATHEAL argues for the right of citizens to discuss and criticize public matters.

San Francisco Politics as Reflected in 1846-1848

The article titled "FOR THE CALIFORNIAN," written by an anonymous author signing off as "SLATHEAL," appears to be a commentary on the state of political discourse and civic engagement in mid-19th century San Francisco, particularly during a period of rapid growth and social change. Primarily, the piece addresses the criticisms levied by another writer, "A Voter," in the paper "Star," regarding the quality and integrity of the political discussions taking place in town.

The author expresses a certain dissatisfaction with the prevailing political climate, stating: “...there has been, and is manifested by some of its members too much indifference in regard to the interests of the town.” This assertion reveals a sense of urgency and frustration embedded in the broader socio-political context of San Francisco during the Gold Rush era. The rapid influx of people led to a burgeoning population that significantly strained local governance and services. The Town Council, as noted by SLATHEAL, struggled with maintaining order and effectively addressing the needs of this growing community.

SLATHEAL’s interaction with "A Voter" highlights the contentious nature of public discourse at the time. The phrase “...charges right and left, at everything in general, which amounts to nothing in particular...” suggests SLATHEAL’s view of "A Voter" as an individual who lacks substance in their critique, which could reflect a broader complaint about the quality of political debate during an era marked by sensationalism and personal attacks rather than constructive dialogue. The author maintains a certain distance from the anonymous contributors to the articles, suggesting a dichotomy between serious civic engagement and the prevailing trend of petty invective.

Moreover, SLATHEAL provides a critique of the Town Council's performance, emphasizing the failure to maintain a quorum for regular meetings, which indicates both inefficiency and potential corruption or apathy among its members. He notes, “...for two or three weeks it was almost impossible to get a quorum present at their regular meetings,” revealing a breakdown in governmental function that was perhaps symptomatic of the chaotic environment of the time. As San Francisco transformed from a small settlement into a bustling city virtually overnight due to the Gold Rush, the expectations for government action clashed with the realities of burgeoning populations and scarce resources.

The commentary concludes with a refrain that suggests frustration over the lack of meaningful discourse: “...but if one of the above mentioned articles teems with the former, the other article certainly teems with the latter.” In this light, SLATHEAL’s commentary serves not simply as a response to one critic but also as a call to arms for citizens to engage thoughtfully and authentically with the pressing issues faced by their community.

The historical significance of the piece lies in its reflection of the dynamic and often tumultuous burgeoning civic consciousness in San Francisco during a pivotal moment in American history. The writer embodies an emerging sentiment that, despite the divisiveness and chaos surrounding them, individuals in the community possessed not only a right but a responsibility to engage in critical discussions about their governance and their future. This dialogue surrounding civic responsibility is a theme that resonates deeply in both the historical context and contemporary discussions on civic engagement.

Echoes of the Past: San Francisco Politics as Reflected in 1846-1848

In the vibrant and bustling city of San Francisco from 1846 to 1848, the landscape was not merely defined by geography but rather transformed into a crucible of opinion formation, governance, and civic responsibility. Central to this evolving narrative was 'The Californian,' a prominent voice of the era, which featured a poignant letter to the editor from a writer identifying as "SLATHEAL." This correspondence compellingly critiques the local government's priorities and resonates with the broader discourse surrounding civic engagement.

While appearing to be a direct response to an earlier article penned by "A Voter," SLATHEAL’s letter transcends simple retort. It encapsulates the palpable frustration, aspirations, and hopes of a burgeoning urban populace wrestling with the whirlwind of change. At its core, SLATHEAL's message calls for accountability among local leaders—a sentiment that echoes with the democratic ideals we champion today.

Setting the Stage: The Context of the Era

To fully grasp SLATHEAL’s critique, we must first immerse ourselves in the historical context of the time. The California Gold Rush was just around the corner, poised to transform the landscape. However, at the moment of this letter’s composition, the potential for upheaval and opportunity was not yet visible. San Francisco, still in its developmental stages, faced critical questions about governance and community support amid rapid population growth.

By 1846, as SLATHEAL penned his thoughts, public services struggled to keep pace with their expanding responsibilities, and the settlement was mired in economic uncertainties. Alarmingly, SLATHEAL pointed out, “the funds in the treasury have been expended,” leading to the harsh reality where “there is scarcely any money now in circulation.” This glaring financial strain set the stage for pivotal discussions on governance and accountability.

Embracing a Dialogue on Civic Engagement

What truly sets SLATHEAL’s letter apart is its profound engagement in the dialogue surrounding civic participation. Opening with a nod to a prior piece from the “Star,” the writer deftly critiques its tone, establishing an atmosphere ripe for reflection. By likening political discourse to the “atmosphere” and “food that we eat,” SLATHEAL introduces a striking metaphor that highlights toxicity within civic communication.

This metaphor serves a critical purpose: it illuminates the urgent concern for the quality of political discourse in San Francisco. Attacking the personal nature of the rhetoric, SLATHEAL notes that the “writer of the 'Star'…charges right and left at everything in general, which amounts to nothing in particular.” Here, we witness a profound discontent with the prevailing trend of prioritizing personal grievances over substantive dialogue, further amplifying the cry for constructive engagement.

The crescendo of this discourse lies in SLATHEAL’s assertion that citizens like him “have the right, at least, to discuss these matters.” This fundamental belief in civic dialogue resonates strikingly with modern themes of participatory democracy and citizen engagement, laying the groundwork for what we recognize today as vital to a healthy democracy.

The Call for Accountability in Governance

SLATHEAL’s impassioned letter emerges as a clarion call for accountability within the town council. He boldly underscores missed opportunities for progress while revealing a troubling lack of quorum during council meetings—a point that strikes a chord even in contemporary governance struggles, where elected officials often appear disconnected from their constituents.

The critique sharpens as SLATHEAL shifts focus to the local government’s financial management, lamenting that aside from a few notable improvements, the council’s expenditures lacked a cohesive vision for the city: “...the filling up of the street in the lagoon and the wharf at the foot of Broadway are about the only evidences of public improvement….” His words resonate deeply today, as communities grapple with similar challenges: balancing infrastructural needs, financial constraints, bureaucratic transparency, and ethical governance.

Media's Vital Role in Shaping Discourse

As SLATHEAL continues, he emphasizes the vital role media plays in molding political narratives and public opinion. By penning this letter to the editor, he demonstrates an acute awareness of the symbiotic relationship between media and politics—one that shapes the narrative landscape of society.

He critiques another paper for its tendency toward “low invective, billingsgate slang,” challenging not only the motives behind such language but also the ethical responsibilities that accompany the press. This aspect of his commentary speaks volumes in the present day, where sensationalism often stifles constructive discourse and amplifies division.

Amidst this media critique, SLATHEAL wisely observes that “facts are stubborn things,” an assertion that reinforces the bedrock principle of factual integrity in journalism. His letter becomes a rich tapestry woven with calls for truth—reminding us of the delicate balance between rhetoric and substance that journalists must navigate.

The Unfolding Implications of Disenchantment

As we delve deeper into SLATHEAL’s reflections, we witness how disenchantment with local governance manifests itself. Although he targets the pressing issues of his time, underlying currents hint at broader anxieties regarding the city's future. His observation that “the residue of the unsold lots are advertised for sale” amid economic downturns carries an air of foreboding, echoing modern concerns regarding urban development and sustainability.

SLATHEAL’s conclusion advocating for ongoing dialogue reflects a fundamental understanding of democracy: that dissent, discussion, and engagement are critical for fostering a vibrant society. His phrase, “the conclusion is, that a sale of public property under such circumstances must be a sacrifice to the town,” serves as a poignant reminder that hasty decisions can jeopardize community cohesion and long-term stewardship.

 Legacy and Lessons for Tomorrow

In analyzing SLATHEAL’s letter, we come to realize that his concerns are not mere echoes of a bygone era but rather foundational elements shaping contemporary democratic discourse. The dynamics of urban governance, the integrity of media, public dissent, and the unwavering demand for accountability are as relevant today as they were back then.

As we navigate our current challenges of transparent governance, performative politics, and active civic engagement, SLATHEAL’s insights compel us to consider what has truly changed—and, perhaps, what remains eerily similar. The enduring quest for an engaged citizenry that holds leadership accountable is a thread woven through the tapestry of history, binding us to those who came before.

Conclusion: Engaging with Our Civic Heritage

In conclusion, SLATHEAL's letter to 'The Californian' stands as a testament to the earnest desire for effective governance and genuine civic engagement at a transformative moment in San Francisco's history. The challenges acknowledged within this correspondence resonate through time, offering invaluable lessons and resonances with the principles of governance that remain vital today.

By exploring such candid critiques from the past, we unveil layers of our civic heritage, shaping our contemporary and future interactions with those in power. Ultimately, as we reflect on the lessons from 1846 to 1848, we are encouraged to actively engage with the complex structures that govern our lives, ensuring that our right to participate in democracy is both spirited and unwavering.

Key Phrases:

1. **'The Californian' as a political voice** - This highlights the role of media in shaping early political discourse. For further reading, see this article on the importance of local newspapers in civic engagement from [Columbia Journalism Review](https://www.cjr.org/tow_center_reports/local_news_will_it_survive.php).

2. **California Gold Rush and its implications** - This pertains to the socio-economic impacts of the Gold Rush in 1849. Further exploration can be found in this overview from [National Park Service](https://www.nps.gov/goga/learn/historyculture/goldrush.htm).

3. **Civic engagement during urban development** - An examination of the relationship between community engagement and urban growth. For insights, check out this study on urban development and civic participation from [Urban Affairs Review](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1078087418806640).

4. **Accountability in local governance** - This reflects ongoing discussions about government transparency. A relevant resource on government accountability is available from [The Governance Lab](https://www.thegovlab.org/).

5. **Media's influence on political narratives** - This highlights the role of media in civic discourse. For an in-depth analysis, see this article on media influence from [Pew Research Center](https://www.pewresearch.org/journalism/).

6. **Historical context of disenchantment with local governance** - Understanding the historical roots of civic discontent can inform current challenges. For further reading, see this research on civic discontent in historical contexts from [Social Science Research Network](https://www.ssrn.com/).

7. **The metaphor of political discourse as “atmosphere” and “food”** - This symbolizes the quality of civic communication. To explore the use of metaphor in political commentary, view this analysis from [Political Psychology](https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/political-psychology/article/abs/metaphor-in-politics-the-impact-of-politically-loaded-metaphors-on-policy-perceptions/1B8B8FCD57B9BBBEEDD2D76DA9D5F95A).

8. **Legacy of 19th-century civic critiques for modern governance** - This reflects on historical lessons for contemporary governance challenges. An insightful piece on this topic can be found in [American Political Science Review](https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-political-science-review/article/xxi-the-advocacy-legacy-of-the-19th-century-civic-engagement/40C91A5A30ACE04B716C5A78FA615B5B).

**Citation**: The Californian
- FOR THE CALIFORNIAN., 1848-01-19
https://cdnc.ucr.edu/ University of California Riverside Digital Newspaper Archive

Original Article:

Mr. Editor:—On reading some few suggestions in the "Star" paper of last week, offered for the consideration of our fellow townsmen, I am induced to offer the following, especially for the consideration of that talented individual who signs himself "A Voter," and for the good people of the town in general. There is certainly something in the atmosphere that we inhale, or the food that we eat in San Francisco, which causes some of its inhabitants to generate large quantities of gass. And as yet there has been discovered but two modes of escapement—the Town Council, and the public prints. Now sir, I claim to be a citizen of San Francisco, and am no doubt one of the many who have for a considerable length of time, been lying in a dormant state in regard to the politics of the town. And it was with a great deal of pleasure that I perused some few remarks (by "Cato") in your last issue: it is the only evidence that I have yet seen that we citizens have the right to discuss these matters at all. I have not the pleasure of an acquaintance with "Cato" or either with Mr "Voter" or with any of the anonymous contributors of either paper—neither have I much fear, favor, affection or awe for any or either of them, but being one of the numerous witnesses in the case now at issue, I voluntarily offer to testify. The writer of the "Star" who signs himself a voter, charges right and left, at everything in general, which amounts to nothing in particular; he asserts that your paper has sadly degenerated since its commencement, that it now deals in "low invective, billingsgate slang, abusive ephithets void of one word of truth &c. &c. he then brings up the old bone of contention and charges at the editor Mr. G. but afterwards, thinking he might possibly "wake up the wrong passenger," he endeavours to cloak this improvoked attack upon that absent gentleman, by trying to create the impression that be does not mean Mr. G. but the editor pro tem, who conducts the paper in Mr. G's. absence, "there is none so blind as those who will not see." And this is not the first instance on record where some writers have betrayed the wish, and yet the fear of attacking openly, a gentleman who singly is a match for them all. It seems to be a rule adopted by a certain public paper, that when news are scarce, and advertisements more so, to take up the character of some already unpopular individual and handle it with perfect nonchalance, and their motto ought to be "hit him again blue Jacket he's got no friends"; but of course no harm is meant, it is only to create some little excitement in a dull town, and fill up some blank columns, but there is such a thing as "riding a free horse to death." The assertion that the article of "Cato's" (in relation to the actions of that honorable body, the town council,) being void of one word of truth, is l have the termerity to assert most positively false, there has been, and is manifested by some of its members too much indifference in regard to the interests of the town; some month of two since, for two or three weeks it was almost impossible to get a quorum present at their regular meetings. All the funds in the treasury have been expended, and a great deal more, and the filling up the street in the lagoon and the wharf at the foot of Broadway are about the only evidences of public improvement (except the school house) by which we can account for this expenditure, and the latter improvement is now stopped for the want of funds to carry it on. Again, it is well known that there is scarcely any money now in circulation in the country, and yet disregarding this fact, we see that the residue of the unsold lots are advertised for sale on the 1st of February 1848, the conclusion is, that a sale of public property under such circumstances must be a sacrifice to the town. But half has been said either by "Cato" or myself that could be said, and with truth, "facts are stubborn things" Mr. editor, and "actions speak louder than words." And it is beleived by some, that we people have a right, at least, to discuss these matters. I am not much of a judge of the difference existing between "low invective, billingsgate slang, &c.," to unfounded assertions, and "f—e p—t" blaguardism, but if one of the above mentioned articles teems with the former, the other article certainly teems with the latter. Respectfully, SLATHEAL.

The article discusses modifications to the tariff in California, specifically regarding military contributions on imports. These modifications include changes to duties on cotton products, allowances for deficiencies in imported goods, an extension of the period for goods to remain in warehouse before duty payment, and exemption of goods imported during the war from new import duties or confiscation by Mexico. The modifications were recommended by the Secretary of the Treasury and approved by President James K. Polk.

The Tariff of 1847: Military Contributions and Economic Shifts in Early California

The excerpt from the document titled "TARIFF," dated June 10, 1847, provides significant insight into the economic policies of the United States during the Mexican-American War, particularly in relation to trade and military operations. The tariff modifications proposed by Secretary of the Treasury R.J. Walker reflect a strategic approach to resource management in occupied territories and demonstrate how economic measures were employed to support military endeavors.

One of the standout features of Walker's recommendations is the imposition of a **“duty as a military contribution of thirty percent ad valorem”** on various manufactured goods. This points to the dual role tariffs played at the time; they were not merely tools of trade regulation, but also instruments of war financing. The fact that these contributions were labeled as “military” reflects the urgency and necessity of funding wartime efforts through whatever means available.

Walker also emphasizes practicality in duty collection by stating that **“the duties shall be collected on the net weight only”** in cases where goods are packaged and that allowances would be made for “deficiencies, leakage, breakage, or damage.” This clause indicates an awareness of the logistical challenges faced during the importation of goods, especially in a war context, where transport could be fraught with difficulties. Such considerations were critical in an era when trade was often disrupted by conflict, and ensuring the economic viability of importing goods was necessary for sustaining military operations.

Furthermore, the extension of the warehousing period from thirty to ninety days illustrates an effort to provide flexibility to merchants engaged in trade under the pressures of wartime logistics. Walker notes that **“within said period of ninety days any portion of the said goods on which the duties...have been paid, may be taken...from the warehouse, and entered free of any further duty,”** which indicates an attempt to stimulate trade and fluidity in commerce under American military governance. This approach likely aimed to foster goodwill among merchants and ensure a steady supply chain for military needs.

Lastly, it is notable that Walker addresses future peace agreements by declaring that it is **“intended to provide by the treaty of peace that all goods imported during the war into any of the Mexican ports in our military possession shall be exempt from any new import duty or confiscation by Mexico.”** This foresight into post-war economic relations indicates an understanding of how tariffs could be used not only as immediate measures but also as instruments of long-term policy that would shape U.S.-Mexico relations after the conflict. Such provisions aimed to reassure traders and businesses that their investments during wartime would not be jeopardized following a potential peace settlement.

In summary, this document reflects a calculated economic strategy intertwined with military necessity during a critical juncture in American history. The modifications to the tariff, alongside the context of the Mexican-American War, reveal how tariffs were employed not just for revenue generation but also for facilitating trade and stabilizing relations under occupation, setting the stage for future economic interactions between the U.S. and Mexico. Through Walker's recommendations, we see the early manifestations of how economic policies are often inextricably linked to military actions and international relations.

The Tariff of 1847: Military Contributions and Economic Shifts in Early California

In the mid-19th century, California teetered on the brink of transformation, a period marked by the tumult of the Mexican-American War, the whirlwind of the Gold Rush, and sweeping changes in governance and economic frameworks. Among the intriguing artifacts from this era is a document dated June 10, 1847, outlining modifications to tariff regulations poised to impact the nascent Californian ports. This article not only explores the economic fabric of California at this pivotal moment but also delves into the broader implications of tariff policies during a significant chapter in American history.

Historical Context

The mid-1840s were a watershed period for California. Once part of Mexico, California was annexed by the United States in the aftermath of the Mexican-American War (1846-1848). This violent conflict stemmed from a tangled web of manifest destiny, territorial expansion, and diplomatic breakdowns. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which ended the war in February 1848, would soon formalize American ownership over California and what would later become the Southwest. However, the events leading up to this treaty were already reshaping the political landscape of the region.

As waves of Anglo settlers arrived and gold was discovered in 1848, a mass migration surged forth, forever altering California’s demographic and economic status. Yet, before the gold rush could fully transform the state, the management of imports, exports, and economic regulations was urgently required.

Tariffs and Military Contributions

An illuminating letter from R. J. Walker, the Secretary of the Treasury, reveals the complexities of navigating a war economy while adapting to a newly acquired territory. Walker’s proposed modifications were characterized as "military contributions," a term reflecting the pressing realities of wartime logistics and financial necessity. In this context, tariffs assumed a dual purpose—they were not merely means for revenue generation; they were also strategies for sustaining the military presence in Mexico as the U.S. endeavored to stabilize its control over its newly conquered lands.

Among the recommendations was a **30% duty on all cotton and mixed-material goods**, a move that not only generated substantial revenue but also influenced trade patterns. The U.S. government effectively wielded tariffs as a tool to support military operations while simultaneously asserting economic control over the territories it was incorporating.

Breakdown of the Recommended Modifications

Let's delve deeper into the key modifications outlined in Walker’s document, each a strategic maneuver aimed at addressing the unique challenges of this transitional period.

1. **Duty on Cotton Goods**: By levying a duty on cotton goods—while exempting wool, worsted, and silk—the government positioned cotton as a vital commodity in the American economy. This tariff was intended not only to boost wartime revenues but also to stimulate domestic production.

2. **Collection Procedures**: The outlined procedures for collecting duties based on net weight were designed with the realities of maritime trade in mind, recognizing that issues like leakage and damage were commonplace. As emphasized in the document, "An allowance shall be made for all deficiencies, leakage, breakage, or damage proved to have actually occurred during the voyage..." This acknowledgment of practical challenges illustrated a commitment to fostering trade rather than stifling it through overly punitive measures.

3. **Extended Warehouse Period**: The decision to increase the warehousing period from **30 to 90 days** carried significant implications. By allowing goods to remain longer without incurring immediate duties, the regulations aimed to relieve financial pressures on importers. This extension would give importers the flexibility to navigate a volatile market and ensure their products reached consumers without incurring unnecessary costs.

4. **Exemptions from Future Duties**: The proposed stipulation that goods imported during military control would be exempt from new tariffs once peace was restored conveyed strategic foresight. It was a calculated effort to maintain positive relations with the local Mexican populace during this transition. Encouraging trade and introducing favorable policies were seen as essential to fostering stability in a territory experiencing such sweeping change.

 Impact on Trade and Economic Structures

These modifications not only reflected the immediate needs of wartime America but also highlighted broader trends in American economic policies of the era. While military funding drove the rationale behind these tariffs, they would eventually pivot towards commercial interests. As California’s population surged and the Gold Rush lured countless prospectors, the economic landscape began shifting from military contributions to the establishment of robust trade systems.

This economic evolution was crucial for supporting the infrastructure that would accommodate the state’s rapid growth. Ports like San Francisco emerged not just as trade hubs but also as vital entry points for those eager to embark on the Californian dream. The ability to import goods without excessive taxation during this transformative era was indispensable for store owners and entrepreneurs striving to meet the demands of a burgeoning population.

California and National Economics: A Unified System

As the late 1840s unfolded, the interplay of state and national factors began reshaping California’s economy. The westward expansion of the U.S. catalyzed a framework within which tariffs not only served immediate fiscal goals but also spurred competition in emerging markets.

California's ports became vital conduits for local goods and international trade, each economic interaction contributing to the dawning of a national identity still in its formative stages. The imposition of tariffs proved to be a double-edged sword; while they ensured military funding, excessively high tariffs could stifle burgeoning industries. Walker’s careful balancing act of reduction and regulation was a deliberate strategy to avoid alienating commercial factions in California that sought to grow their businesses amidst the upheaval of war.

The Legacy of Tariffs in Today’s Context

Fast forward to the present day, and tariffs have assumed center stage once more in discussions surrounding international trade and domestic economics. Often viewed as tools for protecting American industries, tariffs today come with complexities akin to those faced in 1847.

Just as in Walker’s time, contemporary tariffs influence global supply chains, consumer prices, and trade relations. Debates surrounding tariffs on products like steel, automotive parts, and technology resonate with historical conversations about establishing fair trade practices while simultaneously promoting national interests.

This historical overview of the tariff system underscores a persistent theme: the intricate balance of national economic priorities and international trade commitments. The tumult and negotiations of the past reveal a timeless truth that still informs today’s economic discourse, illustrating the intersection of local needs, national politics, and global commerce.

In a world where international markets have become increasingly interdependent, examining the past—especially through the lens of the 1847 tariff modifications—offers valuable insights for navigating current and future economic challenges.

Conclusion

The modifications outlined in R. J. Walker's letter and sanctioned by President James K. Polk represent a crucial turning point in California's economic history, marking a shift from military necessity to burgeoning trade opportunities spurred by the Gold Rush. More than mere adjustments to tariffs, these changes encapsulate broader themes of economic expansion and national identity that continue to resonate today.

Understanding the tariffs of 1847 allows us to frame contemporary economic debates within this historical context, reinforcing the notion that decisions made under pressure can echo through time, shaping not only commerce but also the societal structures that emerge alongside evolving economies. As California navigated its formative years, these foundational choices regarding economic policies laid the groundwork for its eventual rise as a global economic powerhouse.

Key Phrases:

1. **Mexican-American War** - A significant conflict in U.S. history that led to California's annexation. For further reading, see this article on the [Mexican-American War](https://www.history.com/topics/westward-expansion/mexican-american-war).

2. **Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo** - The treaty that formally ended the Mexican-American War. For more information, refer to this summary of the [Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo](https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/guadalupe-hidalgo).

3. **California Gold Rush** - A major event that transformed California's economy and demographics in the late 1840s. Explore more in this detailed piece on the [California Gold Rush](https://www.history.com/topics/westward-expansion/california-gold-rush).

4. **Tariff policies in the 19th century** - These policies played a crucial role in shaping the economy during the 1800s. For further understanding, check this overview of [19th-century tariffs](https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-economic-hist a/8c2d76046f2e083386bb95aa8a3b8618).

5. **Economic implications of military contributions** - The relationship between military needs and economic shifts during territorial expansion. For in-depth research, visit this analysis of [military economics](https://www.nber.org/papers/w1050).

6. **Impact of tariffs on trade patterns** - The way tariffs influenced imports and exports in the context of wartime economy. Dig deeper with this research on [tariffs and trade](https://www.piie.com/publications/policy-briefs/tariffs-and-trade-evidence-empirical-analysis).

7. **California's demographic transformations** - The effects of the Gold Rush and migration patterns on California's population. For insight, see this paper on the [demographic changes in California](https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/How-the-Gold-Rush-Changed-San-Francisco-12514592.php).

8. **Significance of ports in economic development** - The role of ports like San Francisco in California's growth. Further reading can be found in this article about [ports as economic drivers](https://www.transportation.gov/odapc/publications/importance-us-ports).

9. **Contemporary relevance of historical tariffs** - How past tariff decisions influence current economic policies and debates. Explore this discussion on [tariffs in modern economics](https://www.cnbc.com/2021/01/06/how-tariffs-influence-global-economy.html).

10. **Balance of national economic priorities and international trade** - The ongoing tension between domestic policies and global commerce. For a comprehensive overview, see this article on [global trade and national interests](https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2020/01/05/national-interest-in-global-trade).

**Citation**: The Californian
- TARIFF., 1847-12-01
https://cdnc.ucr.edu/ University of California Riverside Digital Newspaper Archive

Original Article:

The following modification of the Tariff does not, by order of the Governor, effect the previous instructions, as to the amount to be levied for duties in any of the ports of California: Treasury Department, June 10th, 1847. Sir:—In compliance with your directions, I have examined the questions presented by the Secretary of War, in regard to the military contributions proposed to be levied in Mexico, under the tariff and regulations sanctioned by you on the 31st of March last, and respectfully recommend the following modifications, namely: 1st. On all manufactures of cotton or of cotton mixed with any other material except wool, worsted and silk in the piece or in any other form, a duty as a military contribution of thirty per cent. ad valorem. 2d. When goods on which the duties are levied by weight, are imported into said ports in the package, the duties shall be collected on the net weight only; and in all cases an allowance shall be made for all deficiencies, leakage, breakage, or damage proved to have actually occurred during the voyage of importation, and made known before the goods are warehoused. 3d. The period named in the eighth of said regulations, during which the goods may remain in warehouse, before the payment of duties, is extended from thirty to ninety days, and within said period of ninety days any portion of the said goods on which the duties, as a military contribution, have been paid, may be taken, after such payment, from the warehouse, and entered free of any further duty at any other port or ports of Mexico in our military possession, the facts of the case, with a particular description of said goods, and a statement that the duties thereon have been paid being certified by the proper officer of the port or ports of reshipment. 4th It is intended to provide by the treaty of peace that all goods imported during the war into any of the Mexican ports in our military possession shall be exempt from any new import duty or confiscation by Mexico in the same manner as if said goods had been imported and paid the import duties prescribed by the Government of Mexico. Most respectfully, Your obedient servant, (Signed) R. J. WALKER, Secretary of the Treasury. To the President. —— The modifications as above recommended by the Secretary of the Treasury, are approved by me, and the Secretary of War and the Secretary of the Navy will give the proper orders to carry them into effect. (Signed) JAMES K. POLK.

 

The article discusses the unique situation of Americans living in a conquered territory without established laws, highlighting the differences between the Anglo Saxon race and the original inhabitants. It also praises the generosity of the United States in providing relief to the suffering Irish population, showcasing the success of the government and the prosperity of the country.

The article titled "NEWS," offers a richly layered perspective of American identity.

The Unique Conditions of American Sovereignty in California (1846-1848)

Gvernance during a tumultuous period in U.S. history, likely during the Mexican-American War (1846-1848) and its aftermath. The reflections include themes of territorial conquest, rights of citizens, and the socio-economic conditions of both indigenous peoples and immigrant populations, particularly the Irish.

Initially, the author underscores the precarious position of Americans living in "a conquered Territory," indicating a sense of disenfranchisement and military rule. The phrase, "We are here by the right of the strong arm," evokes the forceful nature of American expansionism and conquest. This can be contextualized within the framework of Manifest Destiny, the 19th-century doctrine that the expansion of the U.S. throughout the American continents was both justified and inevitable.

Moreover, the author reflects on the nature of governance in such uncertain times, stating, "Our election, a few days since, was not the fiat of the people, but the favor of the Governor." This highlights a disconnection between popular sovereignty, as espoused in democratic frameworks, and the realities of governance in newly acquired territories. The emerging governance structures were heavily influenced by military authority and political appointments rather than the democratically elected will of the people, which posed significant challenges to the ideology of American democracy.

The author also contrasts the lifestyles of the indigenous populations with those of Anglo-Saxon settlers, noting that "they were a nation of herdsmen," and thus their social structures were markedly different. This acknowledgment hints at the tensions arising from cultural misunderstandings and differing economic systems. The indigenous people were viewed through a lens of Eurocentrism that judged their ways of life as inferior due to a lack of industrialization and urban development, leading to a one-dimensional view of their existence.

Further, the piece touches on the plight of the Irish, drawing a parallel between their hardships at home and the struggles faced by the native inhabitants of the land they ‘conquered.’ The statement, "Poverty, laziness, disease, are hard things under the sun," paints a poignant picture of the dire circumstances suffered by many and the relevance of economic opportunities in America. The author vividly recounts the generosity of American society in response to the Irish plight, stating, "All eyes were turned upon the United States... Those facts require no comment." This indicates a sense of pride in the moral duty fulfilled by American citizens towards their Irish brethren, which reflects both the interconnectedness of immigrant experiences and the growing sense of American identity as one capable of compassion.

In conclusion, this article serves as a microcosm of the complexities surrounding the notions of territory, rights, and identity in mid-19th century America. It reflects a society grappling with its own values amidst the consequences of expansionism and the incorporation of diverse populations into the national narrative. The historical context of this piece helps illuminate the struggle for rights, the push and pull of cultural assimilation, and the growing pains associated with America’s evolving identity during a period marked by contradictions between idealism and reality.

Title: Echoes of History: The Unique Conditions of American Sovereignty in California (1846-1848)

In the annals of American history, few moments are as culturally and politically complex as the years surrounding California's transition to American sovereignty. The mid-1840s were a tumultuous period, marked by military conquests, national aspirations, and the myriad lives caught in this extraordinary transformation. By exploring an article titled "NEWS" from *The Californian*, a newspaper of that era, we gain insight into a situation rife with contradictions, challenges, and opportunities—one that resonates with the core of the American identity. This exploration is shaped by notions of rights, governance, inclusion, and the clash of cultures.

1. The Peculiar Condition of Conquered Territory

The article opens with a candid acknowledgment of life in a "conquered Territory," emphasizing the legal and societal ambiguities that characterize such locations. The journalist notes, "As Americans, residing in a conquered Territory, our situation is a peculiar one," illustrating how the people of California grappled with the implications of a transfer of sovereignty born not of self-determination but of military might. The mention of a lack of protective laws for the population—save for "the efficient law of military authority"—captures the precarious existence of those living under military governance, hinting at an arduous struggle for civic rights and societal stability.

This stark reality underscores a distinct tension within the American identity. An ideal rooted in democracy was juxtaposed against an expansionist drive reliant on military force. The situation illustrated the growing pains of a burgeoning nation wrestling with its principles and practices, standing in stark contrast to the lofty ideals enshrined in the Declaration of Independence. Furthermore, the reference to elections heavily influenced by the "favor of the Governor" highlights a significant disconnect between the populace and their governing bodies. In a land ostensibly promised to the people, their voices seemed muted, manipulated by those in power—a theme that resonates powerfully in today's discussions on authority, rights, and public engagement.

2. The Ambivalence of Popular Rights

As the article delves into the agitation for popular rights within the context of military rule, it exposes the chasm felt by citizens accustomed to the tenets of participatory democracy. The assertion that "this may seem an evil to those [...] made to understand that they were an essential unit in the aggregate of a popular election" poignantly captures the discontent of the populace. Beneath this sentiment lies a frustration with their impotence in shaping their governance under external authority.

The concept of popular rights—so foundational to American democracy—was being rewritten in a context marked by territorial acquisition driven by conflict. This nuanced interpretation speaks to both historical and contemporary struggles, wherein the rights of citizens often clash with external governance. Moreover, the perception that this governance was organic and beneficial serves as a lens through which we can anticipate modern discussions around governance by overarching governmental bodies.

3. The Illusion of Unimpeded Progress

A point of contention emerges between the evaluation of Native practices and the expectations imposed by newly arrived settlers. The article highlights the disconnect between the herdsmen’s methods of subsistence and the capitalist, industrial vision that the newcomers brought to California. The critique of original inhabitants for not “building cities” or utilizing the land according to Euro-American standards starkly contrasts with the settlers' need for "progress" as defined by their civilization and industrial ideals.

This juxtaposition alludes to a broader theme relevant in historical analysis: the notion that progress must align with Euro-American ideals while disregarding the legitimacy of other forms of existence that do not conform to this mold. The remark that "if our cities are hot beds of vice" calls into question the moral judgments that often accompany such narratives. The consequences of invasion—physical and socio-economic—raise critical questions about the sustainability of societies built on imposition rather than inclusion and respect.

4. Reflections on Cultural Capacities

As we delve deeper into the sentiments expressed by the land's inhabitants, the article gently critiques the superiority complex often felt by Anglo settlers. The original inhabitants, characterized by their distinct "occupations" and "enjoyments," challenge the simplistic colonial narrative. The author acknowledges: "We forget that they were a nation of herdsmen," presenting a compelling argument in favor of understanding the native relationship with the land as one of symbiosis rather than exploitation.

In this light, the article serves as an early testament to a cultural anthropology that appreciates diverse ways of life. Such insights remain pertinent in contemporary discussions about the rights of indigenous peoples and their relationship to land and resources. They prompt us to reconsider how notions of progress can honor diverse cultural fabrics, rather than homogenizing them under the banner of modernity.

5. Emotional Depth in Challenging Times

The analogy of a herdsman transforming into a soldier sheds light on the complex nature of conflict and its societal implications. This observation reveals the human conditions intertwined with the rise and fall, loss, and gain. The tranquil existence of the herdsman is contrasted with the struggles faced in urban environments, weighed down by “anarchy and misrule”—a reflection that continues to echo in contemporary urban discussions about crime, poverty, and governance.

By positing that a herdsman may return from conflict "not beggared, or even impoverished," the author touches upon a resilience intertwined with cultural identities and socio-economic capabilities. The varying ways individuals respond to upheaval—whether they emerge unscathed or find themselves facing debilitating violence—invites robust discussions on societal evolution and recovery.

6. The Social Landscape of the Times

The article's examination of the Irish population provides a poignant example of the enduring human spirit in times of hardship. The line “Poverty, laziness, disease, are hard things under the sun, but it is harder yet when the arm of a nation's strength is paralysed” captures a deep social awareness that resonates with contemporary issues surrounding globalization, migration, and disaster relief.

This contemplation on disaster relief highlights a salient point regarding collective identities—nationality dissolving in the face of shared humanitarian needs. The account of American responses to Irish suffering illustrates an evolving vision of America—one that generously extends aid beyond its borders, fostering a community born from shared purpose and empathy.

7. Concluding Reflections

As we reflect on the article from *The Californian* titled "NEWS," it becomes evident how the dilemmas and paradoxes of Californian sovereignty echo through time into our present day. Issues surrounding democracy, identity, rights, and human connection transcend individual narratives, shaping an ongoing discourse about belonging, voice, and meaningful participation in governance—a conversation that remains vital as we navigate today's landscape of rights and representation.

Framing the American experience amidst the conquest in California as one of struggle, adaptation, and resilience elucidates the fortitude embedded within the American spirit. This historical reflection provides more than just a glimpse into a formative moment of American identity; it offers lessons in resilience, respect for cultural differences, and the enduring quest for a more inclusive future. The civil rights discourse of today, emerging disparities, and the interconnectedness stemming from immigration and cultural exchange remain pertinent themes, urging us to learn from the past as we consider our actions moving forward.

Through this deeper understanding of a foundational narrative, we position ourselves better to forge a society that honors its past while aspiring for a hopeful and equitable future.

Key Phrases:

1. **"Peculiar Condition of Conquered Territory"** - This phrase highlights the complexities of governance under military authority after territorial acquisition. For further exploration, see "Occupation and Sovereignty" from [Harvard Law Review](https://harvardlawreview.org/2019/03/occupation-of-territory-legal-concerns-and-practices/).

2. **"Ambivalence of Popular Rights"** - This phrase examines the tensions surrounding democracy and rights during periods of military rule. For more information, check out "The Politics of Rights and Popular Sovereignty" from [American Political Science Review](https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-political-science-review/article/politics-of-rights-and-popular-sovereignty/DA77E6D6F4343F675A504E2C3382694E).

3. **"Illusion of Unimpeded Progress"** - This phrase addresses the critique of Euro-American notions of progress versus indigenous practices. Explore the implications further in "Manifest Destiny and American Expansionism" from [National Park Service](https://www.nps.gov/articles/manifest-destiny.htm).

4. **"Reflections on Cultural Capacities"** - This phrase critiques the superiority complex of Anglo settlers and highlights their misunderstandings of native practices. For a deeper understanding, see "Indigenous Perspectives on Sustainability" from [The Journal of Sustainability Education](http://www.sustedjournal.org).

5. **"Emotional Depth in Challenging Times"** - This phrase discusses the societal implications of conflict and individual resilience. For a broader context, read "Resilience and Community Recovery" from [American Psychological Association](https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/stress/2020/resilience-community-recovery).

6. **"The Social Landscape of the Times"** - This phrase highlights the enduring human spirit amidst hardship, particularly regarding the Irish population. For relevant insights, access "Immigration, Refugees, and the Irish Experience" from [The National Archives](https://www.archives.gov/research/immigration/refugees-irish).

7. **"Concluding Reflections on Californian Sovereignty"** - This phrase speaks to ongoing discussions about democracy, identity, and human connection. Explore contemporary implications in "Democracy and the Politics of Social Justice" from [Stanford Social Innovation Review](https://ssir.org/articles/entry/democracy_and_the_politics_of_social_justice).

**Citation**: The Californian
- NEWS., 1847-09-22
https://cdnc.ucr.edu/ University of California Riverside Digital Newspaper Archive

Original Article:

As Americans, residing in a conquered Territory, our situation is a peculiar one. We are here by the right of the strong arm. We have no law for our protection, but the efficient law of military authority. Our election, a few days since, was not the fiat of the people, but the favor of the Governor. This may seem an evil to those who, occasionally, have been made to understand that they were an essential unit in the aggregate of a popular election. It is a check to those who would declaim loudest about popular rights, or to those who would stoop lowest to bask in the sunshine of popular favor. In the history of our government, we have no precedent of the situation as citizens that we exhibit today. We have been so accustomed, from childhood, to hear of administrations overthrown, abuses corrected, law-makers appointed by the ballot box, that we scarce believe in the virtue of anything else. When California shall become the property of the United States, either by treaty or purchase, then laws like those in some of the Spanish portions of our land, adapted to the wants of a mixed population, will afford protection to us all as citizens of the United States; then all can unite, as a people, and assume their rights. The evils arising from the war and its mismanagement are passing away, and although it is evident from secret correspondence, since published, that our government desired peaceful occupation and concilatory measures, we will not sigh over the evils of the past. The destiny of the country is in our hands. We hear the original owners of the soil often blamed that they did not improve the facilities about them, that they did not build cities, that they saw the waters of the Bay ebb and flow, and rode over the level praries, and never thought of a steam boat or a rail-road. We forget that they were a nation of herdsmen, that their occupations, their enjoyments, are different from ours. If they had none of the advantages, they had none of the evils of a large society. Their virtues and vices were those of individuals, not of masses. It is often said that the country was torn and distracted by revolution. A herdsman easily becomes a soldier, his cattle browse as securely on the hills and, as before, obey the same law of natural increase and he returns from a revolution not more bloody, and less exciting than a political election in N. York or N. Orleans, to find himself not beggared, or even impoverished. They had their amusements, the holy days of the Catholic church, a church equally adopted to the highest or the lowest stages of life, with its mystic symbols for the ignorant, and their spiritual explanation for the wise. We have no right to complain that they dwelt upon the soil after their own fashion; for it was their own land, and from it they lived and enjoyed. If our cities are hot beds of vice, if anarchy and misrule are the fruits of invasion, if the rights of the weak are disregarded by the strong, then will they painfully compare their former state with the present. We of the Anglo Saxon race bring hither a different policy, that policy, which, at home, has made cities arise from the the wilderness, and checkered the country with canals and railroads. In an old country it is often difficult to find employment. Situations even the lowest and most menial, became like wealth and name hereditary, and "my lord's" game keeper becomes the son's game keeper, as surely as the son becomes "my lord." Look at Ireland; as contrasted with the United States, and ask yourself the cause of all the suffering there—A crop has failed, one single crop, and the whole population starve. The Irish are not a lazy people. They are the bone and sinew of every work in the United States. In their own land, with haggard faces, they beg, not for bread, but for work. How sensibly Sidney Smith writes. ''What is the object of all government? The object of all government is roast mutton, potatoes, a stout constable, an honest justice, a clear highway, a free school. What trash to be brawling in the streets about the Green Isle, the Isle of the Ocean! the best anthem of Erin go Bragh. A better anthem would be Erin go bread and, cheese, Erin go cabins that keep out the rain, Erin go pantaloons without holes in them." Poverty, laziness, disease, are hard things under the sun, but it is harder yet when the arm of a nations strength is paralized, and her people beg for work—We know of no nation who would submit to this with better grace than the brave and generous Irish. When the call for relief came, all Europe shrunk back aghast. They could not relieve their suffering. Their means were inadequate. All eyes were turned upon the United States. That country, which has given sucor to so many emigrants, will not fail their bretheren at home, in the hour of need, nor did they. Nationality is forgotten. Meetings were called of members of Congress, members of Legislature, of all classes, who with a common feeling, contributed to the relief of the poor Irish. Those facts require no comment. We wish no surer evidence of the prosperity of our country and the success of our government than this.

 

The United States Navy's Strategic Initiative in California

The article outlines instructions from the Secretary of the Navy to Commodore Sloat regarding the intention of the government to take and hold possession of California during the war with Mexico. A company of artillery is sent to help with this effort, and Sloat is instructed to secure San Francisco, Monterey, and potentially Los Angeles and San Diego. The goal is to establish a civil administration and assure the protection of the people of California. Additionally, Sloat is instructed to cooperate with Brigadier General Kearny, who is ordered to California over land, and to work with a regiment of volunteers from New York. Sloat is also informed that Commodore Shubrick will be sent to relieve him soon.

An Analytical Reflection on the 1846 Dispatch to Commodore Sloat

The letter from George Bancroft, Secretary of the Navy, to Commodore John D. Sloat, dated July 12, 1846, provides a crucial insight into the United States' strategic intentions during the early phase of the Mexican-American War (1846-1848). This correspondence highlights the U.S. government's aggressive expansionist policies, which were fueled by the notion of Manifest Destiny, the belief that the U.S. was destined to expand from the Atlantic to the Pacific coast.

Bancroft's message clearly states the government's aims: "the intention of this government, pending the war with Mexico, to take and hold possession of California." This explicit direction underscores the U.S. commitment to seizing control over California amidst the war's backdrop, framing it as a legal action under "its rights as a belligerent nation." The call for occupation reflects a systematic approach to territorial expansion, justifying imperial pursuits under the pretext of securing peace and order.

Moreover, the identification of specific strategic locations is significant. Bancroft instructs Sloat to focus on key areas: "you may deem expedient in the Bay of Monterey, or in the Bay of San Francisco, or in both." The choice of these locations was not arbitrary; each played a pivotal role in accessing the Pacific Ocean, which was vital for maritime trade and military logistics. The instructions to eventually take possession of San Diego further indicate a planned comprehensive control of California's coastal areas.

The letter also reflects early ideals about governance and the incorporation of local populations. Bancroft mentions that "due respect should be had to the wishes of the people of California, as well as to the actual possessors of authority in that province." This suggests an awareness of the necessity to balance military occupation with some form of legitimacy conferred upon local governance. Interestingly, Bancroft advises Sloat to consider offering an oath of allegiance to U.S. authorities, indicating an intent to integrate California into the U.S. political framework actively.

The instructions also highlight the economic motivations tied to the occupation of California. Bancroft outlines that "ships and produce of the United States should come and go free of duty," hinting at the economic incentives that accompanied military control. This not only emphasizes the U.S. intent to capitalize on California's resources but also suggests an approach designed to win local favor through trade advantages.

Furthermore, the broader context of U.S.-Mexico relations during this period is encapsulated in Bancroft's statement regarding the goal of achieving peace: "The object of the United States has reference to ultimate peace with Mexico." This statement reveals the dual agenda of military action accompanied by a façade of peace efforts, a tactic that characterized U.S. foreign policy during this era.

Lastly, the letter foreshadows the military cooperation necessary for successful territorial acquisition, as expressed in the conveyed message that "the government relies on the land and naval forces to co-operate." This cooperation was essential, especially since the U.S. was mobilizing military resources from multiple fronts, as indicated by the impending arrival of volunteer forces from New York, which were "to serve during the war."

In summary, Bancroft's communication is pragmatic and reflects the complex motivations behind U.S. actions during the Mexican-American War. The emphasis on military strategy, governance, economic interests, and the ethical justifications surrounding territorial acquisition, combined with the connection to Manifest Destiny, illustrates the multifaceted nature of American expansionism in the mid-19th century.

 The United States Navy's Strategic Initiative in California: An Analytical Reflection on the 1846 Dispatch to Commodore Sloat

The mid-19th century was a pivotal period for the United States, characterized by profound transformations and territorial ambitions. Central to this transformation was the Mexican-American War (1846-1848), a conflict fueled by a mix of manifest destiny and strategic necessity. A revealing insight into the operational strategy of the era is captured in a dispatch dated July 12, 1846, from Secretary of the Navy George Bancroft to Commodore John D. Sloat. This document outlines the intentions of the U.S. government concerning California, underscoring the pivotal role U.S. naval forces were to play in asserting control over the region.

The Context of the Mexican-American War

The 1840s marked a significant phase in the Westward expansion of the United States, driven by economic incentives, ideological beliefs in manifest destiny, and territorial disputes. At the heart of the conflict was the U.S. annexation of Texas—a territory still claimed by Mexico—but the war sparked broader ambitions targeting California and New Mexico. The U.S. government sought to acquire California not only for its fertile lands and strategic harbors but also to secure a foothold in the Pacific, crucial for burgeoning trade with Asia.

Bancroft's dispatch to Sloat serves as a strategic document emphasizing military expedience and the need for colonial governance. It reflects the aspirations of American policymakers to assert dominance over a region deeply shaped by Mexican culture and politics.

A Call to Action: The Letter to Commodore Sloat

The letter opens with unequivocal directives: the U.S. government intended to "take and hold possession of California" throughout the ongoing war with Mexico. Bancroft lays out a multi-faceted strategy emphasizing coordination between naval and land forces. He notes that “a company of artillery, with cannon, mortars, and munitions of war, is sent to you in the Lexington, for the purpose of co-operating with you.” This underscores the integration of military capabilities as essential for success, rather than simply encouraged.

Bancroft instructs Sloat to occupy critical locations such as San Francisco and Monterey, framing the naval expedition within geographical terms central to U.S. aspirations in the Pacific. Notably, the selection of these tasks rests with Sloat, revealing both trust in his judgment and the fluid nature of military engagement during that era.

Civil Implications of Military Conquests

The dispatch also hints at the growing necessity for civil governance in newly acquired territories. Bancroft indicates that if Sloat's force proves sufficient, he should secure the harbors on the Gulf of California as far down as Guymas, implying that military occupation would soon transition into civilian administration. This emphasis on "establishing a civil administration" reflects an early understanding among U.S. leaders that sustaining control over California would require not just military might but also a structured governance framework.

Furthermore, Bancroft's guidance to respect “the wishes of the people of California” and to engage with local authority figures foreshadows the complex relationship between the United States and the Hispanic population in California—a dynamic that would evolve amid cultural strife and coexistence in the ensuing decades.

The Role of the Local Populace

Bancroft's call to gauge local sentiments, particularly in Pueblo de los Angeles, appears to be a strategy to cultivate allegiance among a population cautious of foreign occupation. He urges Sloat to utilize diplomacy alongside military force, stating, “You should do so” if opportunities to win local leaders' cooperation arise. This early recognition of soft power, paired with hard power, encapsulates the intricate balance between military might and the realities of local governance colored by cultural nuances.

The Strategic Underpinnings of U.S. Expansionism

The strategic undertones of Bancroft's instructions reveal crucial elements—America's economic resurgence and evolving notions of empire. He emphasizes the necessity to protect American commerce in the region, insisting that "ships and produce of the United States should come and go free of duty." This underscores a burgeoning acknowledgment that territorial acquisition would bolster economic interests through resource control and advantageous trade routes to Asia.

The prospect of free trade epitomizes a core motive of U.S. expansionism—an economic dominance intertwined with the ideological tenets of manifest destiny. The blending of military objectives with economic aspirations illustrates a sophisticated understanding of geopolitics that would define U.S. foreign policy for generations.

Cultural Dynamics and American Identity

As the United States pressed forward with its expansionist agenda, there emerged a pervasive belief in its cultural superiority. Sloat’s directive to protect the people of California highlights a paternalistic ethos, with the U.S. self-assigning the role of a civilizing force. Such notions justified subsequent policies of assimilation and exclusion, foreshadowing historically fraught relations between Anglo settlers and the region's indigenous or Mexican populations.

California was envisioned not merely as a territorial acquisition but as an extension of American identity—an arena to manifest values of democracy and capitalism. Yet, as these ideals collided with the realities of governance and cultural diversity, the U.S. faced the challenge of reconciling its foundational narratives with the complexities of its actions.

The Outcomes of the Navy’s Expedition: A Precursor to Statehood

The execution of Bancroft’s directives soon culminated in decisive military successes, solidifying U.S. dominance over California. Sloat’s naval expedition in 1846 led to the capture of key locations including Monterey, San Francisco, and San Diego, successfully fulfilling the outlined intentions. The crucial integration of naval forces with land contingents proved vital—Sloat's collaboration with General Stephen W. Kearny became emblematic of broader military strategies during the war.

These victories laid the groundwork for California’s transition from a Mexican territory to an integral part of the United States. Sloat's actions interplayed dynamically with larger geopolitical trends, reinforcing U.S. ambitions not only towards the Pacific coast but also as a burgeoning global power.

The Civil Administration

However, establishing a civil government proved to be a complex challenge as the American military presence morphed into political governance. Bancroft’s early directives to respect local authority soon became difficult to uphold in the face of resistance from Mexican citizens and the elite. The historical irony that unfolded was one of coercive governance, often undermined by racial and cultural divides.

In its efforts to establish a governance framework, the U.S. sought to impose order while also standardizing economic practices. This endeavor, as highlighted in Bancroft’s letter, came into conflict with traditional Mexican systems, initiating a process of cultural assimilation that was impactful yet frequently violent.

Long-Term Consequences: A Legacy of Complexity

The military actions of 1846 left a lasting legacy that resonated through the ensuing decades. California’s diverse cultural landscape, shaped by indigenous, Spanish, Mexican, and American influences, was significantly altered by these military engagements and the conflicts that followed. The appropriation of land and resources often disregarded local histories and rights, reshaping identities and societal structures.

As demographic shifts accelerated, so too did racial tensions, evidenced by policies that marginalized non-Anglo communities. This socio-political reality illustrates an ongoing struggle that continues to manifest today, reflecting broader issues of immigration, cultural representation, and social justice. The reverberations of Bancroft’s correspondence with Sloat remain palpable in California’s rich and intricate cultural tapestry—an enduring legacy of conflict and negotiation.

Modern Implications of Historical Policies

Contemplating Bancroft’s directives yields valuable insights into how historical narratives have shaped contemporary America. The intertwining of military and civil administration prefigured a tendency towards American interventionism in foreign lands under the banner of governance and freedom. This theme continues to provoke debate in the 21st century, often igniting discussions on sovereignty and neo-colonial practices.

Moreover, in economic contexts, the principles articulated in the letter resonate with current conversations surrounding globalization, free trade, and market access. As the U.S. navigates an increasingly interconnected economic landscape, the historical precedents set during California’s acquisition serve as cautionary tales about power dynamics, governance, and the rights of marginalized communities.

Conclusion

The letter from Secretary of the Navy George Bancroft to Commodore John D. Sloat transcends its status as a mere historical document; it encapsulates a critical moment that charted the course for California and the broader trajectory of the United States. As military expansion strategies intertwined with governance and cultural norms, the consequences of these policies resonate far beyond the 19th century, influencing ongoing dialogues in American society.

Bancroft’s call to action and governance reverberates today, illuminating the intersections of state power, cultural identity, and economic prosperity. Understanding this rich historical context is essential for deciphering the contemporary American experience, guiding our reflections on how history—more than a series of past events—continues to shape our present reality. By examining our past, we gain a deeper appreciation for the complex layers of our collective identity—rooted in ambition, conflict, and transformative change.

Key Phrases:

1. **Mexican-American War (1846-1848)** - For further reading on this conflict, visit the National Park Service's overview of the Mexican-American War [here](https://www.nps.gov/mwac/learn/historyculture/mexican-american-war.htm).

2. **Manifest Destiny** - To explore the concept of Manifest Destiny and its implications, see this resource from the Library of Congress [here](https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/manifest.html).

3. **Naval Strategy in 19th Century America** - For a study on 19th-century naval strategies, check out the article by the U.S. Naval War College [here](https://www.usnwc.edu/Research---Gaming/Research-Papers/Strategy-and-Organization-of-the-U-S-Navy-in-the-19th-Century).

4. **Colonial Governance and Civil Administration** - To understand colonial governance practices, refer to this resource from the National Archives [here](https://www.archives.gov/research/american-west/colonial-governance).

5. **Cultural Dynamics and American Identity** - For insights on cultural dynamics during American expansionism, see the article by JSTOR Daily [here](https://daily.jstor.org/manifest-destiny-and-american-identity/).

6. **Local Populace in Military Campaigns** - To learn more about the role of local populations in military campaigns, visit the article from the American Historical Association [here](https://www.historians.org/Publications-and-Directories/Perspectives-on-History/2016/October/Understanding-the-Role-of-the-Local-Populace-in-War).

7. **Economic Motives of Expansionism** - For a more in-depth analysis of the economic motives behind U.S. expansionism, check this article by Harvard Business Review [here](https://hbr.org/2022/10/the-economic-forces-behind-american-expansionism).

8. **Legacy of Racial Tensions** - To further explore the legacy of racial tensions in California, refer to this report by the California State Library [here](https://www.library.ca.gov/portals/0/libraries/legacy-of-racial-tensions.pdf).

9. **Modern Implications of Historical Policies** - For an examination of how historical policies influence present-day governance, see this piece by the Brookings Institution [here](https://www.brookings.edu/research/understanding-the-implications-of-history-for-modern-governance/).

These phrases and sources offer a broad overview of the historical context, consequences, and ongoing discussions related to U.S. expansionism in the mid-19th century.

**Citation**: The Californian
- UNITED STATES NAVY DEPARTMENT. Washington, July 12, 1846., 1847-08-21
https://cdnc.ucr.edu/ University of California Riverside Digital Newspaper Archive

Original Article:

From the Secretary of the Navy to Com. Sloat.
Commodore—Previous instructions have informed you of the intention of this government, pending the war with Mexico, to take and hold possession of California. For this end, a company of artillery, with cannon, mortars and munitions of war, is sent to you in the Lexington, for the purpose of co-operating with you, according to the best of your judgement, and of occupying under your direction such post or posts as you may deem expedient in the Bay of Monterey, or in the Bay of San Francisco, or in both. In the absence of a military officer higher than captain, the selection of the first American post or posts on the waters of the Pacific in California, is left to your direction. The object of the United States is, under its rights as a belligerent nation, to possess itself entirely of Upper California. When San Francisco and Monterey are secured, you will, if possible, find a small vessel of war to take and hold possession of the port of San Diego: and it would be well to ascertain the views of the inhabitants of Pueblo de los Angeles, who, according to information received here, may be counted upon as desirous of coming under the jurisdiction of the United States. If you can take possession of it, you should do so. The object of the United States has reference to ultimate peace with Mexico; and if, at that peace, the basis of the uti possidetis shall be established, the government expects, through your force, to be found in actual possession of Upper California. This will bring with it the necessity of a civil administration. Such a government should be established under your protection; and in selecting persons to hold office, due respect should be had to the wishes of the people of California, as well as to the actual possessors of authority in that province. It may be proper to require an oath of allegiance to the United States from those who are entrusted with authority. You will also assure the people of California of the protection of the United States. In reference to commercial regulations in the ports of which you are in actual possession, ships and produce of the United States, should come and go free of duty. For your further instructions, I enclose you a copy of confidential instructions from the War Department to Brigadier General S. W. Kearny, who is ordered over land to California. You will also communicate your instructions to him, and inform him that they have the sanction of the President. The government relies on the land and naval forces to co-operate, with each, other in the most friendly and effective manner. After you shall have secured Upper California, if your force is sufficient, you will take possession of, and keep the harbors on the Gulf of California, as far down at least as Guymas. But this is not to interfere with the permanent occupation of Upper California. A regiment of volunteers from the state of New York, to serve during the war have been called by the government, and are expected to sail from the first to the tenth of August. This regiment will in the first instance, report to the naval commander on your station, but will ultimately be under the command of General Kearny, who is appointed to conduct the expedition by land. The term of three years having nearly expired since you have been in command of the Pacific squadron, Commodore Shubrick will be sent out in the Independence to relieve you. The department confidently hopes that all Upper California will be in our hands before the relief shall arrive. Very respectfully, GEORGE BANCROFT. Commodore John D. SLOAT, Commanding U. S. naval forces in the Pacific ocean. ——